Abstract I argue that, alongside the already well-established prohibition against treating persons as mere means, Kant’s Formula of Humanity requires a things. The former captures ethical violations due to someone’s (perceived) instrumental value, e.g. exploitation, latter cases in which mistreat others because they have no value me. These are am indifferent and complacent towards need; forms m...

Seventy-five years after Leo Davidhoff made this statement, treatment failure remains the rule, not the exception, in the management of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is the one condition we deal with in neurosurgery where we have made little progress since the development of the shunt valve. We are still using the same basic shunt designs and mechanisms that we have used through all of these yea...