Physiological levels of ROS support neurite outgrowth and axonal specification, but the mechanisms by which ROS are able to shape neurons remain unknown. Ca2+, a broad intracellular second messenger, promotes both Rac1 activation and neurite extension. Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by both the IP3R1 and ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels, requires physiological ROS levels...

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of one monoterpene (α-pinene) and two sesquiterpenes (longifolene and aromadendrene) is investigated in the Caltech environmental chambers. The effect of NOx on SOA formation for these biogenic hydrocarbons is evaluated by performing photooxidation experiments under varying NOx conditions. The NOx dependence of α-pinene SOA forma...

The OH oxidation of α-pinene under both lowand high-NOx environments was studied in the Caltech atmospheric chambers. Ozone was kept low to ensure OH was the oxidant. The initial α-pinene concentration was 20–50 ppb to ensure that the dominant peroxy radical pathway under low-NOx conditions is reaction with HO2, produced from reaction of OH with H2O2, and under high-NOx conditions, reactions wi...

OBJECTIVES Controversy exists regarding the effects of polymorphisms in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene on nitrites/nitrates (NOx) plasma concentrations. In this study we compared the distribution of haplotypes involving three relevant eNOS polymorphisms (T-786C in the promoter region; b/a in intron 4, and Glu298Asp in exon 7) in healthy subjects with low and high circulating ...

Solid-state electrochemical sensors using yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and oxide sensing electrode (SE) were fabricated and examined for NOx detection at high temperatures. Among various single-oxide SEs examined, NiQSE for the mixed-potential-type NOx sensor was found to exhibit rather high sensitivity to N@ even in the high temperature range of 800900°C. This sensor showed quicker respons...

Oxidative stress is a major contributor to the etiology of all severe vascular pathologies, such as atherosclerosis. NADPH oxidases (Nox) are a class of multicomponent enzymes whose unique function is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vascular cells and in circulating immune cells interacting with blood vessels. Physiological production of Nox-derived ROS contributes to the...

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the pathology of many conditions, including cardiovascular, inflammatory and degenerative diseases, aging, muscular dystrophy, and muscle fatigue. NADPH oxidases (Nox) have recently gained attention as an important source of ROS involved in redox signaling. However, our knowledge of the source of ROS has been limited by the rela...

Nox-1 from Streptococcus mutans, the bacteria which cause dental caries, was previously identified as an H2O2-forming reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase. Nox-1 is homologous with the flavoprotein component, AhpF, of Salmonella typhimurium alkyl hydroperoxide reductase. A partial open reading frame upstream of nox1, homologous with the other (peroxidase) component, ahpC, fr...

Transmembrane NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes have been so far only characterized in eukaryotes. In most of these organisms, they reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and, depending on the presence of additional domains, are called NOX or dual oxidases (DUOX). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide, have been traditionally considered accidental toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism....