14 Enzymes are a key part of life processes and are increasingly important for various areas of research such as medicine, biotechnology, bioprocessing and drug research. The goal of the Enzyme Portal is to provide an interface to all European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) data about enzymes (de Matos, P., et al. , (2013), BMC Bioinformatics , (1), 103). These data include enzyme function...

Certain intercalating aromatic cations, such as the fluorochrome acridine orange or the antitumor drug Mitoxantrone, induce condensation of nucleic acids in solutions. The appearance of the condensed form during titration of nucleic acids with these intercalating ligands can be quantitatively monitored by light scatter measurements. The resulting highly reproducible light scatter transition cur...

Viruses produce nucleic acids during their replication, either during genomic replication or transcription. These nucleic acids are present in the cytoplasm or endosome of an infected cell, or in the extracellular space to be sensed by neighboring cells during lytic infections. Cells have mechanisms of sensing virus-generated nucleic acids; these nucleic acids act as flags to the cell, indicati...

Recent advances in nucleic acid sequencing, structural, and computational technologies have resulted in dramatic progress in our understanding of nucleic acid structure and function in the cell. This knowledge, together with the predictable base-pairing of nucleic acids and powerful synthesis and expression capabilities now offers the unique ability to program nucleic acids to form precise 3D a...

BACKGROUND A number of formats for nucleic acid hybridization have been developed to identify DNA and RNA sequences that are involved in cellular processes and that aid in the diagnosis of genetic and infectious diseases. METHODS The introduction of hybridization probes with interactive fluorophore pairs has enabled the development of homogeneous hybridization assays for the direct identifica...

1. Proteins 1.1. Amino Acids 1.2. Polypeptide chains 1.3. Primary structure 1.4. Secondary structure 1.5. Tertiary structure 1.6. Quaternary structure 1.7. Enzymes 2. Carbohydrates 2.1. Monosaccarides 2.1.1. Stereo-isomerization 2.1.2. Cyclic Structures 2.2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides 4. Lipids 4.1. Fatty acids 4.2. Fatty acids in humans 4.3. Triacyglycerols 4.4. Phospholipids 4.5. Steroi...