Background: Mediodorsal (MD) thalamic nucleus, which is considered to take place between extra pyramidal and limbic feedback circuit, receives projective fibers from ventrolateral neurons of reticular part of substantia nigra (SNr). In order to better understand the influence and chemical reaction of these fibers upon MD nucleus, the morphology and synaptology of them were examined in the prese...

Introduction: 17β-estradiol modulates nociception by binding to estrogenic receptors and also by allosteric interaction with other membrane-bound receptors like glutamate and GABAA receptors. Beside its autonomic functions, paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi) nucleus is also involved in pain modulation. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of the intracellular estrogen...

  The present study was carried out to explore the possible involvement of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in the inhibitory descending pain control system associated with the tail flick test and EEG recordings. Adult male (NMRI) albino rats weighing 200 ± 20 g were used. Rats were divided into three groups: experimental, sham and control. The arcuate nucleus was destroyed unilaterally ...

Prepulse Inhibition (PPI), the objective measure of sensorimotor gating disturbance has being widely used in animal models of schizophrenia. Dopaminergic direct and indirect agonists impair PPI. However, the profile of dopaminergic receptors involved in PPI impairment by dopamine agonists is not clear. By injecting shRNA expressing plasmids against dopamine D2 receptor genes (DRD2) in the nucle...

An optical model description, based on multiple scattering theory, of longitudinal momentum loss in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions is presented. The crucial role of the imaginary component of the nucleon-nucleon transition matrix in accounting for longitudinal momentum transfer is demonstrated. Results obtained with this model are compared with Intranuclear Cascade (INC) calculat...