A closed-loop recycling process is being investigated (using membrane technology) to remove soils from industrial surface cleaning Operations. This recycling process combines cleaning chemical (aqueous and semi-aqueous formulations), cleaning equipment and closedloop recyding methods tb minimize soil loading in a parts cleaning process. Closed-loop recycling and the need for it is the primary t...

Bacteriophages are the most abundant organisms on the planet and play crucial roles in bacterial population dynamics, microbial food webs, and nutrient cycling. Understanding models of bacteriophage population dynamics is necessary to fully understand these ecological processes, but to do so we must mathematically distinguish between the different virus life cycles. Here, we build on two three-...

Reverse Logistics comprises of all operations and decision making related to the reverse-flow of used products from customers to the manufacturers. It involves reuse of used products, remanufacturing or recycling, surplus inventory and packaging materials based on their configuration as well as condition. Excellent literature, related to quality modeling has been available for many years. A lot...

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The importance of phyllosphere fungi to ecosystem functioning via soil processes has aroused increasing interest during the last decade. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of how the foliar endophytic fungi and nutrient cycling interact. Recent findings suggest that endophytes may affect plant litter quality, organisms that control litter decomposition and the availability of nutrien...

Because ocean color alters the absorption of sunlight, it can produce changes in sea surface temperatures with further impacts on atmospheric circulation. These changes can project onto fields previously recognized to alter the distribution of tropical cyclones. If the North Pacific subtropical gyre contained no absorbing and scattering materials, the result would be to reduce subtropical cyclo...

The effects of environmental change on soil animal communities are poorly known. Norwegian mountains are subject to both atmospheric nitrogen deposition and increased temperature. In a nutrient poor alpine Dryas heath in south Norway, soil arthropods were studied after 4 years of simulated environmental change by warming and/or nutrient addition. Warming alone only affected three low-density Co...

Quantifying nutrient limitation of primary productivity is a fundamental task of terrestrial ecosystem ecology, but in a high carbon dioxide environment it is even more critical that we understand potential nutrient constraints on plant growth. Ecologists often manipulate nutrients with fertilizer to assess nutrient limitation, yet for a variety of reasons, nutrient fertilization experiments ar...

Differences in nutrient-use efficiency have been attributed to differences in leaf habit. It has been suggested that evergreens, with their longer-lived leaves, and therefore longer nutrient retention, are more efficient than deciduous species in their use of nutrients. In tropical trees, however, leaf life span is not always a function of whole-tree deciduousness, leading to the proposal that ...

Plant species influence belowground communities in a variety of ways, ultimately impacting nutrient cycling. Functional plant traits provide a means whereby species identity can influence belowground community interactions, but little work has examined whether species identity influences belowground community processes when correcting for evolutionary history. Specifically, we hypothesized that...