(2) (3) These are not presented in the form of practical allowances. Hence, in practice, safety margins will be allowed to take account of such factors as variations in availability of nutrients in different samples of feeding-stuffs, possible losses during manufacture and storage of food, breed and individuality of animals, environmental circumstances and standards of husbandry. livestock has ...

production of proinflammatory cytokines [6, 7] . In addition, the production of antimicrobial bacteriocins can be decreased [8] . The intestinal barrier is a functional unit including the epithelial cells, mucus and different secreted substances such as defensins, lysozymes and immunoglobulins (e.g. IgA). These components are important to control the microbial composition in the gut. IgA can bi...

Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ScientificObserving andExperimental Station ofAnimalNutrition andFeed Science in South-Central,Ministry ofAgriculture,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China University of Chinese Ac...

In order to apply manure or compost to fulfill the nutrient requirements of a crop, knowledge of the amount of nutrients mineralized following application is needed. Nutrient mineralization from applied manure depends on temperature, soil moisture, soil properties, manure characteristics, and microbial activity. Since these factors cannot be accurately predicted, nutrient mineralization from ap...

Large animals have a disproportionate capacity to transport nutrients along gradients and against water flow directions, making them more available to ecosystems and ultimately saving them from disappearing in sea floor sediments. Megafauna extinctions have reduced this capacity dramatically, while humans and their livestock aren’t stepping in to restore this important ecosystem service.

changes in abundance and biomass of cyanobacteria have been studied in the southern part of the caspian sea (the stretch between tonekabon and amirabad) in four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) in which samples were taken from five depths of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 meters in the stations of tonekabon, noushahr, babolsar and amirabad. samples were fixed in formalin (2-2.5%) before transfer...

bioremediation, the process by which microorganisms degrade organic compounds to non-toxic or less toxic substances, has been widely used for cleanup of coastal ecosystems after oil spills. in this study, the hydrocarbon degradation rate and half lives in three bioremediation strategies (natural attenuation, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation) were compared in weathered crude oil (wco) contami...

anthropogenic eutrophication conditioned frequent and more pronounced blooms of toxicalgae and cyanobacteria in the fresh and saline aquatic ecosystems all world around. however, bloomingspecies could serve as a possible resource instead of a threat by exploiting them to remediate nutrients. theoptimised use of algae and cyanobacteria may provide the environmental service together with economic...