Epidemiological surveys indicate that nutrition in infancy is implicated in the long-term tendency to obesity and that a longer duration of breastfeeding is associated with a protective effect against metabolic disorders later in life. However, the precise cause of this association is not well understood. Recent studies on the compounds present in human breast milk have identified various adipo...

Data accumulated over recent years have significantly advanced our understanding of growth factors, cytokines, and hormones in breast milk. Here we deal with leptin, adiponectin, IGF-I, ghrelin, and the more recently discovered hormones, obestatin, and resistin, which are present in breast milk and involved in food intake regulation and energy balance. Little is known about these compounds in i...

The aim of the study was to investigate whether polymorphisms in the preproghrelin gene are associated with anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder, in humans. Panic disorder is a severe anxiety disorder, characterized by sudden attacks of intense fear or anxiety in combination with somatic symptoms. The preproghrelin gene codes for two gut-derived circulating peptides that have been linked t...