The primary aims of orthodontic treatment in the mixed dentition are to correct dental arch discrepancies, occlusal and jaw relation abnormalities, and to eliminate functional inteferences—in essence, preventive or interceptive orthodontics. Pediatric dentists should be trained and able to assist their patients if needed. Sequelae to trauma to primary incisors includes: defects in texture, malp...

Occlusal trauma is to the periodontium from functional or parafunctional force’s causing damage teeth and its attachment apparatus by exceeding adaptive reparative capacities. instability a common cause for occlusion, resulting in numerous complications. It often leads interference which reflexively shifts slides jaw forward on one both side find spot where most come together. This action prote...

Maxillary occlusal radiographs of 233 children between 42 and 60 months old were examined for the presence or absence of atypical root resorption (ARR). In addition, the dental records of these children were examined to determine if an association existed between ARR, oral habits, documented trauma and overjet. Thirty-three (14.2%) of the patients had radiographic evidence of ARR of either maxi...

The existence of symptoms of craniomandibular dysfunc­ tion (CMD), especially in muscles and TMJ often prevents basic functions of the orofacial system. In addition to the present pain (arthralgia and myalgia), one of the most common signs of CMD is restriction of mandibular move­ ments and inability to achieve the central mandibular posi­ tion spontaneously. Such conditions can be very persist...