In this paper we study the relationship between leverage and risk in commercial banking market. We employ a panel data set that consists of the biggest US commercial banks and which extends from 2002 to 2010 thus covering both the years before the outbreak of the current financial crisis as well as those followed. We make clear distinctions among different leverage types like onand off-balance ...

The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that $24.5 trillion of energy efficiency (EE) investments will be needed through 2040. Debt- and self-financed projects are expected to contribute only one-third this capital due multiple barriers. On the one hand, require upfront from companies’ budgets spent on EE, which most would regard as a noncore activity. other parties face hurdles in debt...

The development of shadow banking system in China catalyzes the expansion of banks’ off-balance-sheet activities, resulting in a distortion of China’s traditional credit expansion and underestimation of its commercial banks’ overall risk. This paper is the first to incorporate banks’ overall risk, endogenously into bank’s production process as undesirable by-product for the estimation of banks’...

Applying off balance sheet financing mechanism is largely driven by its practicality, flexibility, and the most importantly it provides a platform for cheaper capital and solves many accounting related issues. Off balance sheet financing, particularly asset securitization, will continue to become the most dominant financing alternatives in view of its multi functional capabilities in solving fi...

The paper documents the importance of leasing in the UK retail sector and estimates the potential balance sheet impact of new accounting proposals to bring all leases onto lessees’ balance sheets. Off-balance sheet operating leases are shown to be a major source of finance, and far more important (3.3 times higher) than onbalance sheet long-term debt; by contrast, finance leases are immaterial....

Off-Balance Sheet (OBS) activities of large u.S. commercial banks have been growing rapidly in recent years. These activities represented 58% of total bank assets in 1984 and grew to 176% of total bank assets in 1988. Bank regulators are concerned that OBS activities increase bank risk, and proposed that some OBS activities be included in the calculation of a risk-based capital requirement. Thi...