Activated clay minerals have been widely used in the edible oil refining industry for decolorization of crude oil by adsorption, and so far many methods have been used to improve their decolorization efficiency. Herein, we successfully prepared a series of carbon/attapulgite (C/APT) composite adsorbents by a one-step in-situ carbonization process with natural starch (St) as the carbon source. I...

For several decades, petroleum has been a commodity of vital impor-tance to the global economy, in which a number of interesting marketphenomena has occurred. This monograph represents my efforts todescribe several of these phenomenon, along with a few other elementsof the oil market. My focus is on elements related to the extractionof petroleum, and the interactions between...

A time series is estimated of in-ground prices of U.S. oil and natural gas reserve prices for the period 1982–2003, usingmarket transaction data. Reserves sold are considered as proved; errors in this respectmay affect estimates, in either direction. The data are also used to examine the impact of reserve status, production rate, andwell head prices, on reserve prices. Both oil and gas current ...

The understanding of the phylogenetic diversity, metabolic capabilities, ecological roles, and community dynamics taking place in oil reservoir microbial communities is far from complete. The interest in studying microbial diversity and metabolism in petroleum reservoirs lies mainly but not only on providing a better comprehension of biodegradation of crude oils, since it represents a worldwide...

In the current era of knowledge-driven society, knowledge becomes the most critical success factor in the current business environment. It needs to be handled and utilized effectively and efficiently to compete in the global market by creating a sustainable competitive advantage for the organisation. A technology-driven organisation needs to leverage knowledge management process to be effective...

The development of the energy industry in a developing country Asia is undergoing transition process from oil and gas to electrical renewable energy. Based on Government data, share will decrease current 32% 20% 2050, this line with increase penetration electrification other diversification. However, demand for continue significantly due population. PTM, an company country, one its refineries s...

This study compared the profiles of fatty acids, phytosterols, and polyamine conjugates in conventional commercial corn oil extracted from corn germ and in two ‘‘new-generation’’ corn oils: hexane-extracted corn fiber oil and ethanol-extracted corn kernel oil. The fatty acid compositions of all three corn oils were very similar and were unaffected by degumming, refining, bleaching, and deodoriz...

the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of various refining processes’ conditions on conjugated dienes in soybean oil. conjugated dienes contents of soybean oil were found to undergo reduction in neutralization and bleaching steps while being increased in deodorization. it was observed that alkali refining (neutralization) through 12 and 14 °bé, bleaching with either acid ac...

The emergence of economic crises has forced countries to reform the development strategy with a view to improving economic management. The intervention of governments in the free functioning of the market to reduce social problems by paying subsidies in general and fixing prices have a lot of problems Which makes the information provided by the companies unrealistic and unviable. The most impor...