prebiotic: a nondigestible food ingredient that benefits the host by selectively stimulating the favorable growth and/ or activity of 1 or more indigenous prebiotic bacteria. prebiotics can modify the intestinal flora and interact with the immune system of the host against specific pathogens. however clinical trials are currently limited and a beneficial effect of prebiotic in treatment acute d...

refractory celiac disease (rcd) is when malabsorption symptoms and villous atrophy persist despite strict adherence to a gluten free diet (gfd) for more than 12 months and other causes of villous atrophy have been ruled out.  rcd is considered a rare disease and almost exclusively occurs in adults. persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss are the most common symptoms in rcd. also, anemi...

the diagnosis of functional constipation (fc) is usually straightforward. almost 95% of childhood constipation is functional in nature. the remaining 5% can be attributed to wide variety of conditions. many of these etiologies are obvious by history and examination and many have other specific symptoms besides constipation. it is especially important to look for presence of any symptoms or sign...

childhood constipation is ofton a long_term problem requiring treatment over months or years. there is no single treatment metod for constipation and many children do not respond and continue to have chronic problems. treatment is consisted of: disimpaction,drug adminstration , diet modilation, and behaverial therapy. it is necessary in all cases that not responding to conventional therapy, un ...

introduction: functional gastrointestinal disorders (fgid) are non-fatal, unknown etiology disorders with absence of a structural or biochemical explanation and accounting for up to 50% of gastroenterology referrals. infant regurgitation, rumination and cyclic vomiting constitute the vomiting disorders. abdominal pain disorders are classified as: functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome (...

the goals of post-transplant management are to manage and treat postoperative complications, and develop a balanced long-term immunotherapy regimen that minimizes infection and side effects but controls rejection. while modern immunosuppressant regimes have reduced rates of graft loss due to rejection, they impart major risks for infection, growth failure, metabolic complications, and malignanc...

autoimmune hepatitis is (aih) is a chronic hepatitis that occurs in children and adults of all ages. it is characterized by immunologic and autoimmune features, including circulating auto antibodies and high serum globulin concentrations. it was first described in the 1950s by term of chronic active hepatitis. it has 2 types with different auto antibodies. diagnosis is based upon serologic and ...

the liver is involved in the synthesis and metabolism of many kinds of hormones, various abnormalities hormone levels are found in advanced liver disease. for example the liver is, extremely sensitive to changes in insulin or glucagon levels. the liver is the primary organ of iron storage is frequently involved, diabetes is common in patients with iron overload and may be seen in cirrhosis. chr...

chronic constipation is a debilitating condition that is often associated with different abdominal problem. it can cause distress for the child and family and can result in emotional disturbance and family problem. based on the current algorhytm, the treatment of chronic constipation consists of 4 important phases, 1: education, 2: disimpaction, 3: prevention of re-accumulation of feces and 4: ...

the best recognized intestinal manifestation of food allergy is food allergic (food-sensitive) enteropathy. the feature of enteropathy may include lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration, epithelial abnormality, or crypt hyperplastic villous atrophy, and impairing absorption, enterophaty continues while the food remains in the diet, remitting on an exclusion diet, and usually recurring on food ...