In an attempt to de®ne clinically relevant models of akinesia and dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats, we have examined the effects of drugs with high (L-DOPA) vs. low (bromocriptine) dyskinesiogenic potential in Parkinson's disease on three types of motor performance, namely: (i) abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) (ii) rotational behaviour, and (iii) spontaneous forelimb ...

Purpose: Orofacial function is the result of complex activities of the central nervous and neuromuscular systems. Orofacial dysfunction can compromise vital actions, such as breathing, chewing and swallowing, and facial expressions. The aim of this study was to apply the Brazilian version of the Nordic Orofacial Test–Screening (NOT-S), which assesses orofacial dysfunction, to a sample of Brazil...

Background Chronic orofacial pain conditions such as trigeminal neuropathic pain, reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the face, and temporomandibular pain disorders are debilitating pain conditions. They are known to respond poorly to treatment including opioids in human patients. There is a pressing need to better understand the mechanisms of these chronic orofacial pain conditions so that new and...

Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is a granulomatous disease of the orofacial region which appears usually as a persistent and/or recurrent labial soft tissue swelling in the orofacial region and is characterized histologically by a granulomatous inflammation. OFG may cause significant cosmetic and functional problems but can be prevented if the disease is diagnosed early and promptly treated. Thi...

With its pathophysiological characteristics strongly similar to patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD), haloperidol (HP)-induced neurotoxicity and orofacial (OD) in animal models have long been used study human TD. This aimed explore the potential protective effects of betaine (BT), a vital biochemical compound present plants, microorganisms, animals, various dietary sources. The focused on inve...

The year 2013-2014 has been designated the Global Year Against Orofacial Pain by the International Association for the Study of Pain. Accordingly, a multidisciplinary Canadian and international group of clinical, research and knowledge-transfer experts attended a workshop in Montreal, Quebec. The workshop had two aims: to identify new pathways for innovative diagnosis and management of chronic ...

Pain in the oral and craniofacial system represents a major medical and social problem. Indeed, a U.S. Surgeon General’s report on orofacial health concludes that, ‘‘. . .oral health means much more than healthy teeth. It means being free of chronic oral-facial pain conditions. . .’’ [172]. Community-based surveys indicate that many subjects commonly report pain in the orofacial region, with es...

INTRODUCTION Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is characterized by sudden attacks of involuntary movements. It is often misdiagnosed clinically as psychogenic illness, which distresses the patients to a great extent. A correct diagnosis will improve the quality of life in patients with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia because treatment with low doses of anticonvulsants is effective for elimina...

BACKGROUND Currently, orofacial sequelae are recognized as very influential on the quality-of-life for a victim of orofacial damage. Therefore, correct forensic assessment for indenisation purposes is mandatory. However, orofacial damage is frequently reduced to organic components, which results in a forensic assessment process, which are inadequate. This study aims to improve the orofacial dam...

Tardive dyskinesia is an extrapyramidal side effect that can occur after a prolonged use of antipsychotic medication, it appears to be about 0.4% to 4% worldwide. Prior reports suggest that clozapine may be effective in the management of tardive dyskinesia. We present the case of a patient with tardive dyskinesia induced by antipsychotics. After treatment failure with other psychotropic medicat...