A 42-yr study of eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones (TCs) undergoing extratropical transition (ET) is presented using the Japanese 55-yr Reanalysis dataset. By using cyclone phase space (CPS) to differentiate those TCs that undergo ET from those that do not, it is found that only 9% of eastern North Pacific TCs that developed from 1971 to 2012 complete ET, compared with 40% in the North At...

The ionospheric F2 peak height hmF2 is an important parameter that is much needed in ionospheric research and practical applications. In this paper, an attempt is made to develop a global model of hmF2. The hmF2 data, used to construct the global model, are converted from the monthly median hourly values of the ionospheric propagation factor M(3000)F2 observed by ionosondes/digisondes distribut...

[1] One of the major problems one has to deal with when working with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data is the increasing error spectrum at higher degrees in the provided Stokes coefficients, appearing as unphysical North-South striping patterns in the maps of equivalent water height (EWH). This phenomenon is commonly suppressed by application of a Gaussian smoothing filter, w...

This paper provides a concise description of the philosophy, mathematics, and algorithms for estimating, detecting, and attributing climate changes. The estimation follows the spectral method by using empirical orthogonal functions, also called the method of reduced space optimal averaging. The detection follows the linear regression method, which can be found in most textbooks about multivaria...

Many different bases functions have been used to estimate the solution to differential equations, such as orthogonal bases [3, 4, 14, 15], wavelets [7–8] and hybrid [2, 13, 16–17]. The various systems of orthogonal functions may be classified into two categories. The first is piecewise continuous function (PCBF) to which the orthogonal systems of Walsh functions [5], Block-pulse functions [4, 1...

A realistic description of how temperatures vary with elevation is crucial for ecosystem studies and for models of basin-scale snowmelt and spring streamflow. This paper explores surface temperature variability using temperature data from an array of 37 sensors, called the Yosemite Network, which traverses both slopes of the Sierra Nevada in the vicinity of Yosemite National Park, California. T...

This study provides an adaptive data analysis method that assesses Alberta’s acid deposition monitoring network of 9 stations and the relative importance of each station. The method is based on the assessment of the mean square error (MSE) of sampling expressed in terms of empirical orthogonal functions (EOF). The annual potential acid input (PAI) data of the 9 stations over Alberta, Canada are...

s Normal mode Rossby waves are simulated with an efficient Double Fourier Series (DFS) spectral model, and their structures are investigated by the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. By selecting appropriately the wave-vector component for EOF analysis among the geopotential height and velocity fields of wavenumber one, it was possible to get the EOFs from the time series data whose ...

[1] Several continuous observational datasets of Artic seaice concentration are currently available that cover the period since the advent of routine satellite observations. We report on a comparison of three sea-ice concentration datasets. These are the National Ice Center charts, and two passive microwave radiometer datasets derived using different approaches: the NASA team and Bootstrap algo...

Earthquake fault systems are now thought to be an example of a complex nonlinear system (BAK, et al., 1987; RUNDLE and KLEIN, 1995). The spatial and temporal complexity of this system translates into a similar complexity in the surface expression of the underlying physics, including deformation and seismicity. Here we show that a new pattern dynamic methodology can be used to define a unique, f...