This paper proposes a new propagation model to accurately predict outdoor-to-indoor propagation loss. Account is taken of the structural openings along the paths; it is assumed that outdoor-to-indoor paths are possible only through wall openings such as doors and windows. Introducing the angle dependency of the losses with the paths that penetrate the indoor area makes it possible to accurately...

Risky outdoor play has been associated with promoting children's health and development, but also with injury and death. Risky outdoor play has diminished over time, concurrent with increasing concerns regarding child safety and emphasis on injury prevention. We sought to conduct a systematic review to examine the relationship between risky outdoor play and health in children, in order to infor...

An intercept survey using quota sampling design investigated awareness of eight outdoor advertisements among 332 Hong Kong pedestrians aged 15 and above. Awareness of outdoor posters ranged from 19 percent to 50 percent, with an average of 35 percent. Advertising awareness did not differ by sex, age, or educational level. The message response involvement theory was adopted as the theoretical fr...

Indoor nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentration is an important factor for personal exposure despite the wide distribution of its sources. Exposure to NO₂ may produce adverse health effects. The aims of this study were to characterize the indoor air quality of wayside shops using multiple NO₂ measurements, and to estimate the contribution of outdoor NO₂ sources such as vehicle emission to indoor ai...

Background: Despite recent UK Governmental policy changes concerning the amount of outdoor, physical activity children are currently engaged in (LTS, 2010), there is a gap in the academic literature concerning children’s personal preferences for structured play and learning through physical activity in outdoor environments. Aim and objectives: This research explores the context of residential o...

BACKGROUND City-to-city differences have been reported for the increase in short-term mortality associated with a given increase in ozone concentration (ozone mortality coefficient). Although ozone concentrations are monitored at central outdoor locations, a large fraction of total ozone exposure occurs indoors. OBJECTIVES To clarify the influence of indoor exposure to ozone of outdoor origin...

A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective was adopted to investigate outdoor recreation constraints for 3,000 Texans interviewed by telephone in 1998. This theoretical perspective contends that individuals’ socio-demographic characteristics are accorded a position in society relative to others and that this position effects the individual’s access to services. Logistic regression models t...

This study develops models for illumination and surface reflectance for use in outdoor color vision, and in particular for predicting the color of surfaces under outdoor conditions. Existing daylight and reflectance models have limitations that reduce their applicability in outdoor contexts. This work makes three specific contributions: (i) an explanation of why the current standard CIE dayligh...