Scarcely any invention has altered biological science so radically in such a short period as the polyme-rase chain reaction, or PCR. With this technique, minute amounts of DNA can be replicated very rapidly and thereby amplified to such an extent that the DNA becomes easy to detect, study and use for any given purpose. The potential of this technique in medicine has long been known, and ever mo...

Papers in this section are based on submissions to the MRS Symposium Proceedings that were selected by Symposium Organizers as the outstanding paper. Upon selection, authors are invited to submit their research results to Journal of Materials Research. These papers are subject to the same peer review and editorial standards as all other JMR papers. This is another way by which the Materials Res...

While federal legislators have given universities increased freedom to protect new inventions created at their institutions through the BayhDole Act, the judicial branch has restricted universities’ use of patented inventions to produce additional innovations. This paper discusses the problems resulting from the decision in Madey v. Duke University, which reduced the breadth and applicability o...

Dr. Mohamad Reza Moghadam, professor of range management Department, Tehran University has been one of the most important and influential person on science of range management in Iran. He was born in Tabriz city on May 5th, 1940 and graduated in range management from Montpellier University, French in October 1963. Most of the mangers, scientists and professors were taught by him. He recieved lo...