Several structured peer-to-peer networks have been created to solve the scalability problem of previous peer-to-peer systems such as Gnutella and Napster. These peer-to-peer networks which support distributed hash table functionality construct a sort of structured overlay network, which can cause a topology mismatch between the overlay and the underlying physical network. To solve this mismatch...

Gossip, or epidemic, protocols have emerged as a highly scalable and resilient approach to implement several application level services such as reliable multicast, data aggregation, publish-subscribe, among others. All these protocols organize nodes in an unstructured random overlay network. In many cases, it is interesting to bias the random overlay such that it better matches the underlying n...

The routing of packets through an overlay network designed to limit DDoS attacks is analyzed. The overlay network structure includes special purpose nodes which affect the routes taken through the overlay. Two main factors are considered: the routing algorithm utilized for the overlay and the method for selecting the special purpose nodes. The routing algorithms considered are based on methods ...

Overlay applications generate huge amounts of traffic in the Internet, which determines a problem for Internet Service Providers, since it results in high charges for inter-domain traffic. Traditional traffic management techniques cannot deal successfully with overlay traffic. An incentive-based approach that employs economic concepts and mechanisms is required in order to deal with the overlay...

Recently, much attention has been paid on data-driven (or swarm-like) based live streaming systems due to its rapid growth in deployment over Internet. In such systems, nodes randomly select their neighbors to form an unstructured overlay mesh (gossip-style overlay construction) and then each node requests desired data blocks from its neighbors (block scheduling). To improve the performance, mo...

Overlay multicasting has been proposed for implementing multicast routing in the application layer as a practical alternative to IP multicasting. Since a packet in overlay multicasting is transmitted via unicast routing between the end hosts, the same packet can be sent over a link multiple times, and thus the main challenge in overlay multicasting is organizing the multicast delivery trees to ...

The emergence of new types of popular multimedia services requires in the long run a quality-of-service (QoS) solution better than the best-effort service provided by IP. Failure to widely deploy either one of the main architectures for IP QoS, integrated services (IntServ) or differentiated services (DiffServ), has fueled research into alternate solutions based on overlay networks on top of IP...

In this study, we attempted to investigate the response of polarized cells to inappropriate interaction with the extracellular matrix. Cell lines of epithelial [Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and LLC-PK1], endothelial [bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC)], and mesenchymal (ESK-4 and NIH/3T3) origins were employed. With collagen gel overlay, MDCK cells underwent membrane remodeling and grad...