objectives this study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of intramuscular pethidine as an analgesic during labor by comparing it to inhaled 50% nitrous oxide (entonox). conclusions inhaled nitrous oxide seems to give better pain relief in the short term compared to a single dose of pethidine. entonox, which is more convenient to administer than an intramuscular injection of pethidine, is a...

context lumbar central spinal stenosis is common and often results in chronic persistent pain and disability, which can lead to multiple interventions. after the failure of conservative treatment, either surgical or nonsurgical modalities such as epidural injections are contemplated in the management of lumbar spinal stenosis. evidence acquisition recent randomized trials, systematic reviews an...

conclusions nitroglycerine may be a safe and effective adjuvant therapeutic for pain reduction in patients under propofol injection. hence, its use for reduction of propofol injection-induced pain is recommended. results the pain severity in nitroglycerine group was significantly lower compared with the placebo group (p < 0.0001). moreover, the local adverse reactions were observed only in thre...

background : pain is one of the main protests of inflammatory diseases, hence, understanding the mechanisms which involved in the induction and persistence of pain is essential. microglia is a contributing factor in the onset and maintenance of inflammation. increased microglial   activation increases the level of central pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of central sensitization f...

background : children suffering from cancer always require pain relief and reduce anxiety when undergoing painful procedures. the aim of this study is to compare the effect of pethedine and ketamine administration in cancer-diagnosed children undergoing bone marrow aspiration and biopsy procedures. subjects and methods : a randomized, double-blinded, crossover trial was carried out on 57 childr...

conclusion the severity and type of injury as well as the severity of pain were almost same in men and women. although men slightly received more intervention for pain relief, the response of pain relief was better in women. objectives this study was designed to evaluate the severity and management of pain in patients with limb trauma according to gender in patients referred to the emergency wa...

low level laser therapy (lllt) uses a light source that generates extremely pure light, of a single wavelength1. the effect is not thermal, but rather related to photochemical reactions in the cells. lllt was introduced as an alternative non-invasive treatment for oa about 10 years ago, but its effectiveness is still controversial2. a cochrane review of lllt in osteoarthritis included five tria...