June 5 marked 40 years since the first cases of HIV were documented in US CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Such a milestone offers an opportunity to reflect on progress made barriers still be overcome four decades from these reported 1981. To mark this anniversary, Lancet family journals has commissioned curated HIV-40, series reports, profiles, interviews highlighting strides researc...

Drop shipping represents a delivery business model based on e-commerce logistics, which is very relevant in the global pandemic crisis. In this model, buyers order products and services directly from manufacturer over Internet through intermediary of drop shipper who ensures easiest fastest delivery. type entrepreneur that offers goods using online logistics infrastructure to ensure direct phys...

Just like any other directly quantifiable natural or man-made disasters, contagious diseases have had long lasting effects on the economics and politics of world throughout history. The COVID-19 pandemic, apparently, has led to a substantial upshot economy, complete tangible analysis which still remains incomplete. In this light, it is essential take look back into preceding pandemics acquire k...

Much was learned about the diagnosis, management, and pathogenesis of influenza from the 2009 pandemic of influenza A (H1N1). This knowledge can be applied to the management of people affected by seasonal infection and to future pandemics.

Until now, mortality and spreading mechanisms of influenza pandemics have been studied only for the 1918, 1957, and 1968 pandemics; none have concerned the 19th century. Herein, we examined the 1889 "Russian" pandemic. Clinical attack rates were retrieved for 408 geographic entities in 14 European countries and in the United States. Case fatality ratios were estimated from datasets in the Frenc...

BACKGROUND Despite the availability of published data on 4 pandemics that have occurred over the past 120 years, there is little modern information on the causes of death associated with influenza pandemics. METHODS We examined relevant information from the most recent influenza pandemic that occurred during the era prior to the use of antibiotics, the 1918-1919 "Spanish flu" pandemic. We exa...

Influenza pandemics, defined as global outbreaks of the disease due to viruses with new antigenic subtypes, have exacted high death tolls from human populations. The last two pandemics were caused by hybrid viruses, or reassortants, that harbored a combination of avian and human viral genes. Avian influenza viruses are therefore key contributors to the emergence of human influenza pandemics. In...

In light of the 2009 influenza pandemic and potential future pandemics, Maria Van Kerkhove and colleagues anticipate six public health challenges and the data needed to support sound public health decision making.