To quantify trade frictions, we examine multiproduct exporters. We build a flexible general-equilibrium model and estimate market entry costs using Brazilian firm-product-destination data under rich demand access cost shocks. Our estimates show that additional products farther from firm’s core competency come at higher production costs, but there are substantive economies of scope in costs. Mar...

The paper investigates the situation of middle-income economies around the world. Since 1965, only 18 economies with a population of more than 3 million and not dependent on oil exports have made the transition to being high income. Many more have not been able to move beyond the middle-income stage. We conduct statistical tests of differences between two groups of economies across a range of g...

By Choice and by Necessity: Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment in the Developing World Over half of all workers in the developing world are self-employed. Although some selfemployment is chosen by entrepreneurs with well-defined projects and ambitions, roughly two thirds results from individuals having no better alternatives. The importance of selfemployment in the overall distribution of job...

in recent years, economists have paid attention to the relationship between emotions and productivity. economists investigated the bi-directional effect of emotion and subjective well-being, such as happiness, on different economic variables, such as productivity, health, income, and so on. in this paper, we try to study the effect of income on labour force happiness in iran. for this purpose, ...

In a multi-industry growth model, firms require external funds to conduct productivityenhancing R&D, and are limited by financing constraints. The cost of research differs across industries, so financing constraints hinder productivity growth in some industries more than in others. Equilibrium industry dynamics map into a differences-indifferences regression specification where industry growth ...

The share of manufacturing in output follows an inverted U shape over the course of development. However, both the timing and the magnitude of structural change differ substantially across countries. I show a simple open economy model of structural change can explain why countries with lower aggregate productivity industrialize more slowly and start de-industrialization at a lower share of manu...

Agricultural industries, as well other are experiencing profound changes a result of Industry 4.0. A key enabler technology that is becoming increasingly incorporated into agricultural equipment combination cyber-physical systems, machine learning, the Internet things, robots, artificial intelligence, cloud, and cognitive computing, which all technologies allow sector to achieve this transforma...

as the main element of economy, human being has requirements the main one of which is the need for food security and healthy nutrition. unfortunately, in the iranian society there are two groups of people who do not enjoy food security. these groups include people who either do not have the financial means to provide healthy and nutritious food or those who, despite having the financial means, ...

We modify a previously suggested GMM estimator in a spatial panel regression model by taking into account the difference between disturbances and regression residuals and derive its asymptotic properties. Simulation results and an empirical application to Indonesian rice data illustrate the improvement in finite samples. JEL Classification: C13, C21

Unemployment Persistence: How Important Are Non-Cognitive Skills? Using a random effects dynamic panel data model and the 2000-2008 waves of the German SOEP this paper shows that non-cognitive skills have a predictive power on unemployment transitions. JEL Classification: C33, J64