introduction: rural areas are affected by globalization and one of the globalization commitments. wto accession creates both benefits and expenditures for countries especially rural societes in new member, but preponderance of created benefits and expenditures depends on country bargaining power in negotiation process and agreement acceptation. as there is not independent and separate agreement...

background : inequality in households’ payments on food and health expenditures presents the accessibility and utili-zation patterns between them. this study investigated the iranian rural and urban households’ inequality in payments on food and out-of-pocket health expenditures from 1998 to 2012. methods : this descriptive study was conducted through the analysis of iranian statistics centre d...

this study will provide detailed specification of those variables and determinants of unpredictable health expenditure in iran, and the requirements to reduce extensive effects of the factors affecting households' payments for health and other goods and services inappropriately.this study aims to identify measures of fair financing of health services and determinants of fair financing contribut...

the water and waste-water industry, as an infrastructure industry, has wide interactions with the public by having more than 20 million subscribers (27 million units). one of these interactions is the collection of debt considering the nature of the obligation sales and service rendered. collection of debt and the costs imposed as a result of the qualitative and quantitative services offered to...

Rural Realities is published by the Rural Sociological Society, Brigham Young University, 2019 JFSB, Provo, Utah 84602 [email protected] http://www.ruralsociology.org • The farm bill creates dual incentives for both crop production and conservation. Frequently, these two goals pull in opposite directions; subsidies lead farmers to focus on crops that depend heavily on water, contribute to...

OBJECTIVE To measure the impact of China's New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) on catastrophic medical payments of rural households in Linyi County, Shandong Province. METHOD In 2005, from a stratified cluster sample of 3101 rural households, we identified 375 households that might be at risk of catastrophic payments by searching through NCMS claims and interviewing key informants. We inter...

conclusions considering iran’s economic condition during the last five years, the catastrophic health expenditure headcount ratio was more than 2% in iran. materials and methods this descriptive study on iranian rural and urban households was conducted from april to june 2015. the sample sizes were 19437 rural and 18888 urban households that iranian statistical centre (isc) selected them throug...

Payment to Medicare Advantage (MA) plans was fundamentally altered in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA). MA plans now operate under a new formula for county-level payment area benchmarks, and in 2012 began receiving quality-based bonus payments. The Medicare Advantage Quality Bonus Payment Demonstration expanded the bonus payments to most MA plans through 2014; howeve...