Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA-IVS) is a complex congenital heart malformation with a diverse set of anatomical and clinical findings. The incidence is 4.1 per 100,000 live births and is less than 1% of all congenital heart disease. During embryogenesis, PA-IVS is postulated to occur after development of ventricular septum which is later than the development of PA with ven...

The writing committee was selected to represent the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and included a cardiovascular training program director, an earlycareer cardiologist, highly experienced members representing both academic and community-based practice settings, and physicians experienced in defining and applying training standards according to the core competencies structure promulgated b...