there is not adequate information available about traditional instruction system in the field of visual arts in the pre-modern period. instruction of calligraphy can be considered as traditional instruction of art in a way that its guidelines and instructional texts are remained almost intact. instruction of calligraphy is implemented in aprofessor-student procedure and is accompanied with vari...

This paper is aimed to assess, with two lab experiments, to what extent Kőszegi and Rabin’s (2006) model of expectations-based reference-dependent preferences can explain Knetsch’s (1989) endowment effect. Departing from past work, we design a 2×2 experiment that disentangles “assignment” to a good (a mug vs. a pen) from the probability with which an assigned good is expected to be owned. We fu...

Arrows illustrate a large variety of semantics in diagrams. An automated interpretation of arrows would be highly desirable in pen-based interfaces. This paper formalizes the structural patterns of arrows, and identifies three structural properties that contribute to the interpretation of arrows: (1) the assignment of components to three slots, (2) the semantic types of the components, and (3) ...

introduction: standard concentrations of antibiotics in culture media are thought to have no detectable toxic effects on the cultured cells. since antibiotics are biologically active substances, the possibility that they interfere to some extent with cellular processes occurring in the cultured cells can not always be totally excluded. this study, therefore, was conducted to assess whether the ...

One of the basic combinatorial optimization problems is the assignment problem that deals with assigning jobs to individuals. In traditional assignment problems, n jobs usually assign to n individuals such that the total cost is minimized or the total profit is maximized. However, in numerous real-life applications, various attributes could be considered in assignment problems while data (obj...

In this paper, we introduce the prototype of a low cost haptically augmented stylus for pen computing on touch screens. The stylus supports human-computer interaction through a dynamic haptic feedback. This reflective feedback is generated by a magnetically operated brake system. The feedback actuator is integrated in the stylus. Therefore, the pen supports the use of multiple styli on a single...

A proper segmentation of pen marking enhances shape recognition and enables a natural interface for sketch-based modeling from simple line drawing tools to 3D solid modeling applications; user input is otherwise restricted to draw only one segment per one stroke. In general, the pen marking segmentation is achieved by detecting the points of high curvature-called, segmenting points-and splittin...

The wear mechanism of plasma electrolytic nitrocarburised (PEN/C) 316L stainless steel samples was studied after a pin on disc wear test. The surface morphology of samples after application of PEN/C process was studied using scanning electron microscope technique. The sliding tracks resulting from the wear tests on the treated specimens indicated no signs of plastic deformation and adhesive wea...

Palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN; solitary circumscribed neuroma) is a benign and hyperplastic lesion consisting of Schwann cells. PEN of the lower lip was reported by Tomich and Moll [1] 35 years ago. However, the accumulation of the information about PEN which occurred in the oral mucosa was not enough. This article describes a case of a PEN on the upper lip of a 41-year-old woman. The les...