Leaching is an unavoidable phenomenon associated with the pesticide applications. Leaching of pesticide does not only indicate the efficiency of a pesticide molecule, but also degree of the environmental contamination. Leaching is the process by which a pesticide molecule enters the soil-water ecosystem. Hence, to access the leaching behavior of a pesticide molecule, various models are used glo...

The objective of this study was to explore work-related risk factors of acute occupational pesticide poisoning among male farmers according to the severity of the poisoning. A nationwide sampling survey of male farmers was conducted in South Korea in 2011. A total of 1,958 male farmers were interviewed. Severity of occupational pesticide poisoning in 2010 was evaluated according to symptoms, ty...

Farmers, policy makers, and other stakeholders seek tools to quantitatively assess pesticide risks for mitigating pesticide impacts on ecosystem and human health. This paper presents the Pesticide Use Risk Evaluation (PURE) decision support system (DSS) for evaluating site-specific pesticide risks to surface water, groundwater, soil, and air across pesticide active ingredient (AI), pesticide pr...

After defining what is meant by a complex spray X on a complex manifold M , we introduce the notion of a spray complex curve associated to X. Several equivalent formulations are derived and we give necessary and sufficient conditions for M to admit spray complex curves for X through each point and in each direction. Refinements of this result are then derived for some special cases, for example...

Pesticide exposure is one of the most important occupational risks in Thailand. A specific community based participatory model to reduce pesticide risk behaviors among rubber farmers in the Southern of Thailand remains limited. The study objectives were: (1) to develop community based participatory model to reduce pesticide risk behaviors among rubber farmers; and (2) to evaluate their knowledg...

We present a method for compensating laser attenuation in optically dense sprays, in particular for use in combustion engine research. Images of the fuel sprays are produced by planar laser imaging, where Mie scattered light from a cross section of the spray is imaged onto a CCD camera. The compensation scheme is based on the Beer-Lambert law, which is used here to sum up the loss of light alon...

Background Intranasal sprays must be delivered to the nasal cavity in sufficient volume, appropriate viscosity and droplet size and with a technique that allows optimal retention, maximizes absorption from the mucosa, and the potential for maximum therapeutic effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate nasal drug run-off after administration of MP29-02* (a novel intranasal formulation of azel...