the aim of this paper is to minimize output phase noise for the pure signal synthesis in the frequency synthesizers. for this purpose, first, an exact mathematical model of phase locked loop (pll) based frequency synthesizer is described and analyzed. then, an exact closed-form formula in terms of synthesizer bandwidth and total output phase noise is extracted. based on this formula, the phase ...

Background and aims: Adenoma detection rate (ADR) and cecal withdrawal time (CWT) have been identified as measures of colonoscopy quality. This study evaluates the impact of monitoring these measures on provider performance. Methods: Six blinded gastroenterologists practicing at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center were prospectively monitored over 9 months. Data for screening, adenoma surveillanc...

Process monitoring through control charts is a quite popular practice in statistical process control. From a statistical point of view, a superior control chart is the one which has an efficient design structure, for the case of both known and unknown parameters. There are auxiliary information–based location charts for an improved monitoring of process mean level. These charting structures hav...

The ATLAS BPTX stations are comprised of electrostatic button pick-up detectors, located 175 m away along the beam pipe on both sides of ATLAS. The pick-ups are installed as a part of the LHC beam instrumentation and used by ATLAS for timing purposes. The signals from the ATLAS BPTX detectors are used both in the trigger system and for a stand-alone monitoring system for the LHC beams and timin...

A crucial issue in the management of sensor networks is the continuous monitoring of residual energy level of the sensors in the network. With the large number of sensors in a 10 typical network, the energy monitoring process can itself be very energy intensive. In this article, we propose a hierarchical approach to construct a continuous energy map of a sensor network. Our method consists of a...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate distribution and changes of glycoconjugates of retinal photoreceptors during both pre- and postnatal development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue sections from days 15 to 20 of Wistar rat embryos and 1 to 12 postnatal days of rat newborns including developing eye were prepared for lectinhistochemistry technique. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labele...

Online monitoring of the appearance of the intermediates and products during chemical reactions is helpful to understand reaction mechanisms. Various analytical tools including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) have been employed for the study. MS is one of the most promising means among analytical tools that can provide information of mass-t...

background and objective: obstructive sleep apnea (osa) is a disease with serious consequences. many portable devices have been developed to overwhelm some of limitations in the accessibility of the gold standard test for osa, polysomnography (psg). this study aimed to determine diagnostic accuracy of a portable sleep apnea screener against psg in patients of a sleep clinic. materials and metho...

Based on the need of MF-TDMA signal monitoring, this paper investigates the estimation method for frequency offset and carrier phase. The procedure for timing recovery is introduced, and then an effective algorithm is deduced for estimating carrier frequency and phase. The proposed open-loop algorithm demands no preambles and has a wide capture range. In addition, the overall block diagram of a...