Overhand throwing motion is often regarded as one of the basic motions along with walking, running, and jumping. Three-dimensional (3-D) image analysis of the kinematics and kinetics using of rigid body segment model of overhand throwing motion has been studied widely in recent years. In this paper biomechanical research on throwing is reviewed with a special focus of studies from Japan. Consid...

Although crying is woven through the life course, from the doctor’s slap to a deathbed vigil, there is no well-established lifespan tradition of studying crying. Instead the study of crying is broken into separate bodies of work on childhood (mostly on infants) and on adults. In this contribution, we share our enthusiasm and our ideas for the construction of a lifespan narrative of crying behav...

Amji's salamander (Hynobius amjiensis) is a critically endangered species (IUCN Red List), which is endemic to mainland China. In the present study, five haplotypes were genotyped for the mtDNA cyt b gene in 45 specimens from three populations. Relatively low levels of haplotype diversity (h = 0.524) and nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00532) were detected. Analyses of the phylogenic structure of H...

The preferential conservation of transcription factor binding sites implies that non-coding sequence data from related species will prove a powerful asset to motif discovery. We present a unified probabilistic framework for motif discovery that incorporates evolutionary information. We treat aligned DNA sequence as a mixture of evolutionary models, for motif and background, and, following the e...

Several molecular and genetic tools, browsers and servers are currently available online for biologists to access, analyze and process data. The BioExtract Server represents a powerful web-based data integration application, combining the most common biological databases with the most used algorithms by scientists from all the biological fields. This Server allows researchers to extract data, e...

Antennae are among the most elaborate sensory organs in adult flies, and they provide rich information for phylogenic studies. The antennae of five out of eight species of Gasterophilus Leach (G. haemorrhoidalis (Linnaeus), G. intestinalis (De Geer), G. nasalis (Linnaeus), G. nigricornis (Loew) and G. pecorum (Fabricius)), were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The general morphology...

Only minimal quantities of ingested and normally secreted solutes and water are excreted in the stool. This near 100% bioavailability means that the diet and kidneys are relatively more important determinants of solute, water and acid-base balance than the intestine. Intestinal bioavailability is based on excess transport capacity under normal conditions and the ability to adapt to altered or a...

Taking Mandarin Possessive Construction (MPC) as an example, the present study investigates the relation between lexicon and constructional schemas in a quantitative corpus linguistic approach. We argue that the wide use of raw frequency distribution in traditional corpus linguistic studies may undermine the validity of the results and reduce the possibility for interdisciplinary communication....

This study determined the phylogenetic groups and virulence factors of 37 Escherichia coli isolates producing types of CTX-M compared with those of 19 isolates producing different types of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in a well-defined North American population. Most CTX-M-14 producers (97%) were from phylogenic group D; 67% of the CTX-M-15 producers were from group B2. A single CT...

One of the most important measures for detecting molecular adaptations between species/lineages at the gene level is the comparison of relative fixation rates of synonymous (dS) and non-synonymous (dN) mutations. This study shows that the branch model is sensitive to tree topology and proposes an alternative approach, devogs, which does not require phylogenetic topology for analysis. We compare...