Cardiology is about flow. The primary purpose of the cardiovascular system is to drive, control, and maintain blood flow to all parts of the body. Flow dictates the form and function of the heart and blood vessels through ontogenic and phylogenic development, the structural and functional consequence of repair, and in its end stages, remodeling and response to failure. Flow should therefore be ...

In the present study, we have developed the procedure for estimating species-speci c heterogeneous codon usage among intraspeci c genes called diversity in codon usage and for systematizing species by the species-speci c diversity on the basis of principal component analysis. We tried to quantify di erences of the diversity among ve species, Escherichia coli (Ec), Salmonella typhimurium (St), H...

Summary Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is being adopted in public health for improved surveillance and outbreak analysis. In public health, subtyping has been used to infer phenotypes and distinguish bacterial strain groups. In silico tools that predict subtypes from sequences data are needed to transition historical data to WGS-based protocols. Phylotyper is a novel solution for in silico subty...

Sheep is the intermediate host of the protozoan parasite Sarcocystis tenella, while the dog is its definitive host. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of natural infection with S. tenella in slaughtered Korean native goat, Capra hircus coreanae, in the Republic of Korea. H-E stained heart tissues were investigated for the presence of sarcocysts. Of the 103 goats, three (2.91%)...

This article argues for the gestural origins of speech and language based on the available evidence gathered in humans and nonhuman primates and especially from ape studies. The strong link between motor functions (hand use and manual gestures) and speech in humans is reviewed. The presence of asymmetrical cerebral organization in nonhuman primates along with functional asymmetries in the perce...

Candida albicans is a common, harmless yeast in the human digestive tract that also causes severe systemic fungal infection in hospitalized patients. Its cell-wall surface displays a unique glycolipid called phospholipomannan (PLM). The ability of PLM to stimulate tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production by J774 mouse cells correlates with the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. We ex...

Crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) is a root parasitic weed that represents a major constraint for grain legume production in Mediterranean and West Asian countries. Medicago truncatula has emerged as an important model plant species for structural and functional genomics. The close phylogenic relationship of M. truncatula with crop legumes increases its value as a resource for understanding...

Using a sequenced pectate lyase-encoding gene (pel gene), we developed a PCR test for Erwinia carotovora. A set of primers allowed the amplification of a 434-bp fragment in E. carotovora strains. Among the 89 E. carotovora strains tested, only the Erwinia carotovora subsp. betavasculorum strains were not detected. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) study was undertaken on the amp...

Nematomorpha, horsehair or Gordian worms, include about 300 freshwater species in 22 genera (Gordiida) and 5 marine species in 1 marine genus (Nectonema). They are parasitic in arthropods during their juvenile stage. In the present study, the used gordian worm was found in the feces of a dog (5-month old, male) in July 2014. Following the worm analysis using light and scanning electron microsco...

PCR has been used to analyze the distribution of REP (Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic) and ERIC (Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus) sequences (rep-PCR) found within the genome of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, with the purpose to analyze the genetic similarities among 56 subspecies samples and 95 field isolates. The PCR products were analyzed by EB-AGE (ethidium bromide-a...