The lysin motif (LysM) domain is an ancient and ubiquitous protein module that binds peptidoglycan and structurally related molecules. A genomic survey in a large number of species spanning all kingdoms reveals that the combination of LysM and receptor kinase domains is present exclusively in plants. However, the particular biological functions and molecular evolution of this gene family remain...

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes diarrhea in travelers, young children and piglets, but the precise pathogenesis of ETEC induced diarrhea is not fully known. Recent investigations have shown that tight junction (TJ) proteins and aquaporin 3 (AQP 3) are contributing factors in bacterial diarrhea. In this study, using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry analyses, we found that E...

Brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate important agronomic traits in rice, including plant height, leaf angle, and grain size. However, the underlying mechanisms remain not fully understood. We previously showed that GSK2, the central negative regulator of BR signaling, targets DLT, the GRAS family protein, to regulate BR responses. Here, we identified Ovate Family Protein 1 (OFP1) as a DLT interactin...

Our recent study has revealed six plant extracts that slow yeast chronological aging more efficiently than any chemical compound yet described. The rate of aging in yeast is controlled by an evolutionarily conserved network of integrated signaling pathways and protein kinases. Here, we assessed how single-gene-deletion mutations eliminating each of these pathways and kinases affect the aging-de...

The modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity regulates many intracellular signaling processes. In animal and yeast cells, MAP kinases are activated via phosphorylation by the dual-specificity kinase MEK (MAP kinase kinase). Several plant homologs of MEK and MAPK have been identified, but the biochemical events underlying the activation of plant MAPKs remain unknown. We des...

Upon recognition of bacterial flagellin, the plant receptor FLS2 heterodimerizes with brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and activates plant defense responses. Because constitutive activation of defense responses is detrimental, plant resistance signaling pathways must be negatively controlled, although the mechanisms involved are unclear. We identified Arabidopsi...

Abbreviations: 2,4-D: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ABA: abscisic acid ABI3: ABI gene family member 3 ANP1: Arabidopsis NPK1-like protein kinase AP: ascorbate peroxidase AOX: alternative oxidase DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid Fe-EDTA: ferric ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid M: molar concentration MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase NO: Nitric oxide PGRs: plant growth regulators ROS: reactive oxy...

objective(s): acquisition of tnf-α resistance plays role in the onset and growth of malignant tumors. previous studies have demonstrated that mcf-7 cell line and its doxorubicin resistant variant mcf-7/adr are resistant against the cytotoxic effects of tnf-α. in this study, we investigated the role of akt activation in resistance of mcf-7 and mcf-7/adr against tnf-α cytotoxicity. materials and ...

background: the purpose of this study is to evaluate effects of teucrium polium (tp) leaf extracts on adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (ampk) level in isolated pancreases. materials and methods: in this experimental study, two groups of rats were used as a control group, and diabetic group. in the end of experimental period the animals were sacrificed then pancreas were removed,...