Community structure has been widely identified as a feature of many real-world networks. It has been shown that the antigenic diversity of a pathogen population can be significantly affected by the contact network of its hosts; however, the effects of community structure have not yet been explored. Here, we examine the congruence between patterns of antigenic diversity in pathogen populations i...

Bacterial abundance, biomass, cell volume, and morphological diversity were studied in sediment samples collected from the coastal area of the eastern mid Adriatic Sea. Samples from the topmost 10 cm of sediment were taken monthly from January to December 2002. The number of bacteria varied from 3.54 x 109 cells g–1 in July to 8.08 x 109 cells g–1 in September. Biomass was lowest in May (78 μg ...

Evolutionary genetics studies the patterns and mechanisms of genetic changes underlying evolutionary change. Because biological diversity at all levels (including population, species, and ecosystem diversity) has a genetic basis and is a result of evolution, evolutionary genetics provides insight into the ultimate mechanisms creating biodiversity. Evolutionary genetics utilizes empirical tools ...

The depletion of forest in developing countries due to extended pastures, agricultural land, fuel wood and etc. is a serious concern. Therefore planting trees for reforestation and extended forest area is a essential assignment. Forest plantation with a basic criterion affects to understory plant diversity. This effects may make some species absent or appear. The objective of this study is to a...

Conservation of biological diversity is becoming a flagship issue on public and private forests worldwide while productivity increases are demanded. As concern for diversity. maintenance escalates, increasing pressure is being placed on the forestry community to understand the effects of intensifying silvicuttural treatments on biodiversity and its sustainable management Intensity of management...

Global forest restoration targets have been set, yet policy makers and land managers lack guiding principles on how to invest limited resources to achieve them. We conducted a meta-analysis of 166 studies in naturally regenerating and actively restored forests worldwide to answer: (1) To what extent do floral and faunal abundance and diversity and biogeochemical functions recover? (2) Does reco...

Four million hectares of wheat are planted after cotton and rice in Pakistan. Little research has been done on the aronomy of wheat following these crops on a cropping pattern basis. Both of these crops delay wheat planting, and it is estimated that 40–50 kg of wheat grain is lost for every day that planting is delayed past 20 November. Current recommendations for land preparation, fertilizer u...

* Author for correspondence: Plant Development & Breeding Research Unit, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. Tel: 33 4 67 61 58 00, Email: [email protected]. Rubber tree breeding and the dissemination of planting material for plantations are closely linked to propagation methods. Since the progress made by switching from multiplication by seed to propagation by bud...

Nitrogen fixation is one of the most important roles played by soil bacterial communities, as fixation supplies nitrogen to many ecosystems which are often N limited. As impacts on this functional group of bacteria might harm the ecosystem's health and reduce productivity, monitoring that particular group is important. Recently, a field trial with Bt white spruce, which constitutively expresses...