Insulinoma-associated 1 (Insm1), a zinc-finger transcription factor, is widely expressed in the developing nervous system and plays important roles in cell cycle progression and cell fate specification. However, the functions of Insm1 in the embryonic development of the sensory system and its underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here, through whole-mount in situ hybridizat...

Mature T-cell malignancies of extracutaneous origin are rare disorders. T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia (T-PLL) is the most common form of all mature T-cell leukaemias in adults. Secondary skill involvement by T-PLL has been reported in 25% of patients. A case of T-PLL which presented with cutaneous infiltration mimicking a cellulitis-like lesion resistant to antibiotic therapy is described. Th...

Offering less than 1ppm frequency resolution, a ΔΣ fractional-N PLL enables flexible frequency planning and reliable spread spectrum modulation for digital clock generation [1, 2]. Use of low-cost ring VCOs however, mandates a wideband PLL design, which makes it difficult for the PLL to filter out high-frequency quantization noise from the ΔΣ modulator. In many digital clocking systems, such as...

Phase locked loops for data links operating at 10 Gb/s or faster are low phase noise devices designed to operate with a low jitter reference clock. Characterization of their jitter transfer function is difficult because the intrinsic noise of the device is comparable to the random noise level in the reference clock signal. A linear model is proposed to account for the intrinsic noise of a PLL. ...

The analysis of the behavior Charge Pump Phase-Locked Loop (CP-PLL) is a challenging task due to its mixed-signal architecture. Out two types, i.e. Current Switched CP-PLL (CSCP-PLL) and Voltage (VSCP-PLL), prior produces symmetrical pump currents, resulting in an appropriate transient performance be analyzed. loop parameters are important set gain, target frequency, assure stability system. mo...

Many ASIC companies make it easy to add a PLL, offering the core as a drop-in cell on a standard-cell design or as a cell option in a gate array. However, that seemingly simple addition of a PLL cell to an all-digital ASIC can cause several problems if the ASIC designer isn’t careful. Although much of what is inside a PLL circuit is high-speed digital circuitry, the guts of the PLL include anal...

In this paper, a high frequency dual PLL for a radio frequency transceiver is proposed. This new PLL architecture, which relaxes the trade off design constrains, consists in two PLL loops that drive the same VCO. The first loop has a high current charge pump that drives the high gain VCO side and is aimed to improve the settling time performance. The second loop has a low current charge pump th...

We present a 500-MHz, ultra-low-power phase-locked loop (PLL) realized with the near-threshold supply voltage of 0.4 V in 65-nm CMOS technology. Our PLL employs a new charge pump (CP) circuit structure that can greatly reduce CP up/down current mismatch and their variation with voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) control voltages. The PLL consumes only 127.8 μW, which corresponds to power effic...

A low-power 1.6-GHz phase-locked loop (PLL) based on a novel supply-regulated voltage-controlled oscillator (SR-VCO) including an active-loop filter (ALF) is realized. In this PLL, an active RC filter is combined with SR-VCO, achieving the advantages of ALF PLL without penalties in power consumption or phase noises. The PLL has measured rms jitter of 4.82 ps, and its core consumes 990 μW from 1...