We investigate whether corruption amplifies the political effects of economic crises. Using Spanish municipal-level data and a difference-in-difference strategy, we find that local unemployment shocks experienced during Great Recession (2008–2015) increased fragmentation. This effect was four times larger in municipalities exposed to malfeasance than without history corruption. bolster this evi...

For the most part foreign policy in Southeast Asia has been regarded and analyzed as an isolated policy area, separated from the structures and dynamics of the respective political systems. This seemed to be an appropriate approach as long as foreign policy was the domain of small political élites and autocratic regimes. Assuming that the processes of (re-)democratization in the Philippines, Th...

The conventional wisdom on german politics is that in response to the political volatility of the Weimar Republic, the architects of the post–World War II political system valued stability above all other concerns. As a consequence of this preference, the Basic Law introduces numerous veto points in the political process and counterbalances a strong executive branch, headed by the chancellor a...

This paper documents a divergence in the duration of rule for monarchs in Western Europe and the Islamic world beginning in the medieval period. While leadership tenures in the two regions were similar in 700 CE, Christian kings became increasingly long-lived compared to Muslim sultans. To better understand the roots of this divergence, we investigate the empirical relevance of an historical li...

This paper uses over 700 years of Nile ‡ood data and a novel data set on the tenure of Egyptian political and religious leaders to investigate how economic shocks a¤ected the balance of power between “church”and “state” in pre-modern Egypt. Results suggest that while deviant Nile ‡oods increased political instability, such ‡oods decreased the likelihood of a change in the highest ranking religi...

This article, based on studies of nationalism, discusses identity formation in the European Union and compares it to the nation-state. The starting point is that for all its economic benefits and political innovation, the EU is failing to provide people with the sense of belonging and extract political loyalty. By exploring what function identity serves – for the nation-state in the past and fo...

The Indian constitution was drawn from the different sources of the world's constitution i.e. USA, Australia, Canada and Great Brittan. There was the only objective how to unite different kinds of people in united India. In fact constitution provides privileges and comforts to her masses so that all the minorities of India can take breath under the Indian constitution. It is true that the India...

A substantial minority (35%) of the Dutch population is in favor of capital punishment. In this paper, it is argued that in a staunchly abolitionist country such as The Netherlands, the existence and perseverance of such support can be better understood and explained by conceiving of capital punishment support in attitudinal terms as part of a law and order syndrome. Death penalty attitudes are...

The inconsistency of the beliefs citizens have about political issues is neither a new nor a surprising finding for political scientists (Converse 1964). Still at least from a normative point of view attitude constraint is a desideratum that is important for the quality of electoral decisions and ultimately for the quality of democracy (Friedman 2006). Under these circumstances it is not surpri...

in the reign of shāh ismā‘īl i, the position-holder wakīl-i nafs-i nafīs-i humāyūn would serve as the regent (nāyib al-salṭana). after six months that this position was held by one of the elites who was a qizilbash turk, shāh ismā‘īl handed it over to a non-turk and continued the same procedure to the end of his life. the present article is mainly intended to study the social origin of the wakī...