Natural environments are characterized by daily and seasonal fluctuations in temperature, and ectotherms are expected to adapt to these fluctuations. Moderate temperature fluctuations often accelerate development rate as a result of the Kaufmann effect and possibly additional physiological adaptations. We examined the adaptive potential of ecotype-specific reaction norms by measuring the effect...

Activity of adult, female Chrysops variegatus was studied for 17 months near Aregúa, Paraguay. The population was sampled by walking along a forest path while swinging an insect net. Results of sampling indicated that this species followed no seasonal pattern of activity. Fluctuation in activity appeared to follow a 13-week cycle. Meteorological effects on activity were studied during 2 weeks o...

Perturbation experiments are carried out by contact process and its mean-field version. Here, the mortality rate is increased or decreased suddenly. It is known that the fluctuation enhancement (FE) occurs after the perturbation, where FE means a population uncertainty. In the present paper, we develop a new theory of stochastic differential equation. The agreement between the theory and the me...

Nerve cells characteristically exhibit fluctuation in excitability. In the case of neurons lying within the central nervous system it is reasonable to suppose that multiple influences contribute to excitability fluctuation. Certain of these influences might depend upon factors intrinsic to individual nerve cells while others might be due to extrinsic factors. I t may be assumed that, among a gr...

Fluctuation Theorem: a simple consequence of a time reversal symmetry; it deals with motions which are chaotic in the strong mathematical sense of being hyperbolic and transitive (ie are generated by smooth hyperbolic evolutions on a smooth compact surface (the “phase space”) and with a dense trajectory, also called Anosov systems) and “furthermore are time reversible”. In such systems any init...