Health impacts of particulate matter (PM) have become a global concern. PM tends to affect patients with allergic diseases, such as rhinitis (AR), more severely. Many epidemiological studies shown that increases outpatient clinic visits well the prevalence and severity AR, while decreasing quality life AR patients. However, exact mechanisms underlying effects on development exacerbation are sti...

The notion of a proposition as a set of possible worlds or states occupies central stage in probability theory, semantics and epistemology, where it serves as the fundamental unit both of information and meaning. But this fact should not blind us to the existence of prospects with a di¤erent structure. In the paper I examine the use of random variables in particular, proposition-valued random v...

The view that chances are relative frequencies of occurrence within actual, finite reference classes has long been written off. I argue that it ought to be reconsidered. Focussing on non-deterministic chance, I defend a version of finite frequentism in which reference classmates are required to have qualitatively identical pasts. While my analysis can evade or resist several standard objections...