In any disease process, pain is always present. This pain can be acute or chronic. It can be caused by our treatment or by our manipulations. It is of variable intensity and the systemic adverse effects can differ from an animal to another. Pain always generates stress for the animal. In some situations, mild levels of pain can be beneficial and may help to avoid catastrophic failure of a fract...

The patient with a painful arthritic knee awaiting total knee arthroplasty (TKA) requires a multidisciplinary approach. Optimal control of acute post-operative pain and the prevention of chronic persistent pain remains a challenge. The aim of this paper is to evaluate whether stratification of patients can help identify those who are at particular risk for severe acute or chronic pain. Intense ...

SummaryThere is the need to adequately inform patients about their disease, treatment options, surgery and post-operative complications. Adequate pain relief after surgery leads to less morbidity. Two important aspects of surgical practice are being addressed in this paper, the need for informed consent and post operative pain relief.A questionnaire survey was carried out in 100 patients on the...

Objective: To evaluate pre-operative risk factors have impact upon post-operative outcome in terms of pain and functional improvement after surgical decompression of lumbar spinal stenosis. Methods: Retrospective analysis of prospectively data was collected for LSS patients from backache care service until 6 months post-operatively. Neurological and medical factors were identified and were asse...