Formaldehyde fixation and paraffin-embedding remains the most widely used technique for processing cancer tissue specimens for pathologic examination, the study of tissue morphology, and archival preservation. However, formaldehyde penetration and fixation is a slow process, requiring a minimum of 15 hr for routine processing of pathology samples. Routinely fixed samples often have a well-fixed...

Viruses are quasi-inert macromolecular assemblies. Their metastable conformation changes during entry into cells, when chemical and mechanical host cues expose viral membrane-interacting proteins. This leads to membrane rupture or fusion and genome uncoating. Importantly, virions tune their physical properties and enhance penetration and uncoating. For example, influenza virus softens at low pH...

In a system free of bile salts we measured lipase hydrolysis of 1,3-didecanoylglycerol films in the presence or absence of colipase at different surface pressures. The strong, but not absolutely specific protective effect of colipase, most visible at low surface pressure, can account for the higher enzyme activity in the presence of colipase. This can be understood by taking into account simult...

We investigate invasion percolation fingers in'a quenched medium in which the randomness has a gradient following a power law both in the direction of the flow and perpendicular to it. The first gradient corresponds to a pressure gradient, the second one to the density of microcracks that arises in a self-organized way around a large crack. We, give an argument for the value of the fractal dime...

on account of some complexities such as fluid-structure interaction and extra-large deformation problems, complete simulation of abrasive water jet cutting process is very hard. the main goal of this paper is to overcome these difficulties through comprehensive simulation in ls-dyna commercial software. for this purpose the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (sph) and arbitrary lagrangian eulerian...

An LPG tank fabncated by a major manufacturer in the late 1940s with rolled skid plate, commonly used in steel floor construction, burst catastrophcally under direct sunlight. The rupture caused extensive property damage and fatal injury. Metallurgxal analysis revealed that at time of fabrication the full penetration longitudinal seam weld of the tank had been torch cut and then reconnected wit...

Microneedles (MNs) have been shown to enhance the penetration depths of microparticles delivered by gene gun. This study aims to investigate the penetration of model microparticle materials, namely, tungsten (<1 μm diameter) and stainless steel (18 and 30 μm diameters) into a skin mimicking agarose gel to determine the effects of particle characteristics (mainly particle size). A number of expe...

It is important that we understand the mechanism of the penetration of particles into a living cell to achieve advances in bionanotechnology, such as for treatment, visualization within a cell, and genetic modification. Although there have been many studies on the application of functional particles to cells, the basic mechanism of penetration across a biological membrane is still poorly unders...

The rate of penetration and the solubility of H, O, N, NH(3), H(2)O, HCl gas, CO(2), formic, acetic, chloracetic, dichloracetic acid, glycerol, phenol and mercury bichloride in dry collodion membranes have been measured. The rate of penetration of H and CO(2) is the same whether the membrane and gas are dry or whether the membrane is immersed in water. The solubility of CO(2), acetic acid, phen...