BACKGROUND Cervical disc arthroplasty is regarded as a promising treatment for myelopathy and radiculopathy as an alternative to cervical spine fusion. On the basis of 2-year clinical data for the PRESTIGE(®) Cervical Disc (Medtronic, Memphis, Tennessee), the Food and Drug Administration recommended conditional approval in September 2006 and final approval in July 2007; however, relatively litt...

Selection pressure from health risk is hypothesized to have shaped adaptations motivating individuals to attempt to become valued by other individuals by generously and recurrently providing beneficial goods and/or services to them because this strategy encouraged beneficiaries to provide costly health care to their benefactors when the latter were sick or injured. Additionally, adaptations are...

the purpose of present research is to consider the relationship between occupational prestige and avoidance variables and intermediate role of organizational indifference. this research is practical and its data were collected through descriptive method and is descriptive-correlative. statistical community is all ilam petrochemical's co employees. about 276 subjects were selected as sample...

In this paper we argue that an understanding of the role of sociolinguistic norms in the spread of sound change needs to be able to model competing norms, and the indexical meanings of variants that drive them. Our argument is based on an analysis of /aw/-monophthongization in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. (aw) is above the level of awareness, to the point that it is often used to represent lo...

The Mathematics Genealogy Project (http://www. genealogy.ams.org/) is a database of over 150 000 scholars with advanced degrees in mathematics and related fields. Entries include dissertation titles, adviser(s), graduation years, degree-granting institutions, and advisees. The MGP is popular among mathematicians, and it can be used to trace academic lineages through luminaries like Courant, Hil...

The shipwreckage of the oil tanker Prestige and Erika occurred respectively on November the 19 2002 off the coast of Galice in Spain and on December the 12 1999 in the Golf of Gascogne. Both led to large oil spills that contaminated hundreds of kilometres coast: more than 10 000 tons of fuel oil n°6 were released in the Atlantic Ocean in the south of Finistère as a consequence of the Erika and ...

Ranking scientific productivity and prestige are often limited to homogeneous networks. These networks are unable to account for the multiple factors that constitute the scholarly communication and reward system. This study proposes a new informetric indicator, PRank, for measuring prestige in heterogeneous scholarly networks containing articles, authors, and journals. P-Rank differentiates the...

One of the great unanswered questions in governance research is, Why do directors serve on boards? Drawing on self-determination theory, a theory of total motivation that combines both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, we find that the prestige associated with being a director, the ability to have influence, and identification with the director role make directors less likely to exit; howeve...

Modest support was found for the "Dr. Fox Phenomenon": Management scientists gain prestige by unintelligible writing. A positive correlation (+0.7) was found between the prestige of 10 management journals and their "fog indices" (reading difficulty). Furthermore, 32 faculty members were asked to rate the prestige of four passages from management journals. The content of the passages was held co...