BACKGROUND The effect of pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance on the response to first-line combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa has not been assessed. We studied pretreatment drug resistance and virological, immunological, and drug-resistance treatment outcomes in a large prospective cohort. METHODS HIV-1 infected patients in the PharmAccess African Studies to Evaluat...

Decreasing the dependence on fossil resources as raw materials for production of fuels, platform chemicals, and commodities is an imperative requirement today’s industry society in order to alleviate threats related climate change [...]