This paper investigates price competition with private information on the demand side. Two sellers each offer a different variety of a good to a buyer endowed with a private binary signal on their relative quality. The model provides an informational foundation to differentiation in Hotelling's price competition game. Equilibrium comparative statics is performed with respect to the prior belief...

This paper employs the quadratic directional output distance function to derive shadow prices of China’s aggregate carbon emissions at the province level between 1997 and 2010. The empirical results indicate that the national weighted average shadow price presents an “N-shape” curve across the sample period, experiencing the initial phase of growth followed by a phase of deterioration, and then...

Abstract: The ready-to-eat cereal industry is characterized by high concentration, high price-cost margins, large advertising-to-sales ratios, and numerous introductions of new products. Previous researchers have concluded that the ready-to-eat cereal industry is a classic example of an industry with nearly collusive pricing behavior and intense non-price competition. This paper empirically exa...

One of the key DR applications involves the use of smart appliances and devices within a facility (residential or small commercial buildings) that can be programmed and automated to respond to DR signals (that could be either pricing signals or other energy curtailment signals) arriving from a utility, wholesale market, or a 3 party energy service providers. Several technical, business, and pol...

Prices are typically used as proxies for countries’ export quality. I relax this strong assumption by exploiting both price and quantity information to estimate the quality of products exported to the U.S. Higher quality is assigned to products with higher market shares conditional on price. The estimated qualities reveal substantial heterogeneity in product markets’ scope for quality different...

We consider a GPU accelerated program using Monte Carlo simulation to price a basket call option on 10 FX rates driven by a 10 factor local volatility model. We develop an adjoint version of this program using algorithmic differentiation. The code uses mixed precision. For our test problem of 10,000 sample paths with 360 Euler time steps, we obtain a runtime of 522ms to compute the gradient of ...

Within the framework proposed by Mussa and Rosen (1978) for modelling quality differentiation, we allow consumers to buy simultaneously different variants of the same indivisible good. We call this the ”joint purchase option”. We show that this option dramatically affects price competition: while a unique equilibrium always prevails when consumers are assumed to make mutually exclusive purchase...

July 2010 Abstract This paper presents novel evidence of price discrimination, using prices of identical goods in 28 countries. I explain the observed phenomenon via non-homothetic preferences, in a model of trade with product differentiation and firm productivity heterogeneity. The model brings theory and data closer along a key dimension: it generates positively related prices of tradables an...

We show that under horizontal differentiation pure symmetric Cournot equilibria exist if firms react to a rise in competitors’ output in such a way that their market price does not rise. This condition is related to strategic complementarity, but not to convexity or differentiability. We rule out multiple equilibria under some additional conditions and discuss stability and regularity of equili...

Coffee shop business growing rapidly in Bandung. Not just enjoying a cup of coffee, coffee shops are now transformed into places to socialize and gather together with friends relatives. This trend makes existing compete one another by providing differentiation product, price, place, promotion, service, atmosphere, presentation process. research tries explore the marketing mix at Bandung its eff...