The equity premium puzzle shows that using standard parameters and setup, the Consumption-based Capital Asset Pricing Model’s (CCAPM’s) prediction of the premium associated with systematic risk is out by an order of magnitude. The object of this paper is to consider the implications of each of the broad classes of explanations of the equity premium puzzle for resource allocation, welfare and po...

During the last decade, intellectual capital (IC) and intangible assets have been widely considered as critical tool to deliver successful business in an intensive-knowledge environment. Accordingly, the main goal of this paper is therefore to develop and prioritize the most important indicators of intellectual capital in knowledge-based industries. Based on an extensive literature review, a va...

The California electric company, i.e., PG&E (Pacific Gas and Electric Co.,), has recently announced its intentions to charge small businesses in the state with dynamic prices for electricity consumption. In this regard, we study a real-time electricity pricing model in the paper and compare it with two static pricing models. We show that real-time pricing outplays static pricing when it comes t...

Predictive pricing (e.g., Google’s “Smart Pricing” and Yahoo’s “Quality-Based Pricing”) and revenue sharing are two important tools that online advertising networks can use in order to attract content publishers and advertisers. We develop a simple model of the pay-per-click advertising market to study the market effects of these tools. We then present an algorithm, PricingPolicy, for computing...

Review of proposed architectures and mechanisms for charging and pricing in IP and ATM networks Charging is becoming a more and more interesting issue in the Internet as well as in ATM networks. This report first gives an overview on pricing schemes including a rough classification. Also some problems associated especially with Internet pricing are addressed. The most important concepts for pri...

This paper investigates parametric pricing kernels for interest rate options within the intertemporal CAPM framework. The usual GMM estimation produces problematic pricing kernels that either fail statistical robustness tests or are inconsistent with economic theory in terms of being hump-shaped and having negative segments. Adopting the second Hansen-Jagannathan (HJ) distance, the four-term po...

futures contract is one of the most important derivatives that is used in financial markets in all over the world to buy or sell an asset or commodity in the future. pricing of this tool depends on expected price of asset or commodity at the maturity date. according to this, theoretical futures pricing models try to find this expected price in order to use in the futures contract. so in this ar...

pricing policies play an important role in water demand management and its optimal allocation. determining proper water price leads to optimal allocation of water especially in agricultural consumptions. applying new subsidy targeting law in iran which insists on pricing water based on its supply cost, will effects considerably on water resource management in agriculture sector. so, in this stu...

This paper proposes an index for nodal market power detection in power market under locational marginal pricing (LMP). This index is an ex-ante technique to detect the market power. More precisely, this criterion detects the potential of exercising market power regardless of detecting the actual market power. Also it is obvious that pricing and market clearing method affect the potential of exe...

This paper demonstrates that quality-contingent pricing is a useful mechanism for mitigating the negative effects of quality uncertainty in e-commerce and IT services. A contingency pricing contract specifies a sequence of possible quality levels and corresponding prices. The market estimates the firms performance at various quality levels based on historical statistics, and the firm may have a...