This article aims to define a value-based approach to pricing and reimbursement for off-patent originators using a multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach centered on a systematic analysis of current pricing and reimbursement policies in China. A drug price policy review was combined with a quantitative analysis of China's drug purchasing database. Policy preferences were identified...

A postal regulator typically faces two issues which make the design of efficient access pricing especially difficult and which complicate the process of liberalizing the industry. First, universal service obligations, together with the presence of fixed costs, require retail prices to depart from the underlying marginal costs of the incumbent provider. Second, competing firms may be able to byp...

Industry practitioners who advocate retail competition and Demand-side Participation now look for approaches to link both initiatives through distributor pricing. As distributors incrementally convert more traditional assets into Smart Grid assets, they also need to consider different pricing approaches to recover the investment costs and meet the regulatory business requirements. Small electri...

This paper presents a model for designing the pricing policies for the supply chain whose channel is integrated with retail and e-tail. In order to incentive the retailer, the manufacture in the supply chain adopts return policy promising that any unsold product can be returned to the manufacture for a partial refund in the end of the selling season. How can the manufacture coordinate the prici...

Geographic price discrimination is generally considered beneficial to firm profitability. Firms can extract higher rents by varying prices across markets to match consumers’ preferences. This paper empirically demonstrates, however, that a firm may instead prefer a national pricing policy that fixes prices across geographic markets, foregoing the opportunity to customize prices. Under appropria...

Multi-store retailers have the ability to offer different prices based on the geography of their stores. They sometimes do, but often only to a limited extent. This is observed in home improvement retailing, where the large retail chains charge different prices nationally but opt not to set prices store-by-store or even by market. Instead, prices are assigned to zones spanning several markets t...

I ncreasing product variety through the use of alternate package sizes is a commonly observed mechanism in the grocery industry. Under such a scheme, however, the response to pricing decisions for each of the different package sizes is affected by how customers make demand choices. We build a demand model in which customers react smart to retail promotions through stockpiling and package size s...