teacher autonomy is viewed very differently: one teacher may view autonomy as a means to gain substantial freedom from interference or supervision; another may view it as the freedom to develop collegial relationships and accomplish tasks that extend beyond the classroom; and even some others may perceive it as a means for principals to avoid their duties (frase and sorenson, 1992). although th...

objectives: since problem solving group training is a comprehensive, active program and based-on cognitive behavioral approach, the aim of present study was to determine the effectiveness of problem solving therapy on depression and coping style in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. methods: in an experimental design the study was done with pretest-posttest with control group. totally 30 f...

objectives: this study aimed to investigate the level of problem-solving skills in 1-4 year-old children with early treated phenylketonuria (etpku). methods:this analytic, cross-sectional study was conducted on 70 1-4 year-old children referred to phenylketonuria (pku) clinics that had been diagnosed on screening at birth and had been treated. the measurements were a demographic questionnaire, ...

The theory of functional / predicative thinking, once developed to describe differences in students’ behaviour while solving programming tasks, is applied to analyse eye-movements while solving tasks of visual pattern completion (QuaDiPF-tasks, Schwank 1998/2000). Predicative thinking requires that in order to meaningfully complete the pattern the subject has to get involved with the logic of t...

High levels of acute and chronic stress are known to impair problem-solving and creativity on a broad range of tasks. Despite this evidence, we know little about protective factors for mitigating the deleterious effects of stress on problem-solving. Building on previous research showing that self-affirmation can buffer stress, we tested whether an experimental manipulation of self-affirmation i...

A meta-analytic review of empirical studies that have investigated incubation effects on problem solving is reported. Although some researchers have reported increased solution rates after an incubation period (i.e., a period of time in which a problem is set aside prior to further attempts to solve), others have failed to find effects. The analysis examined the contributions of moderators such...

A knee point is almost always a preferred trade-off solution, if it exists in a bicriteria optimization problem. In this paper, we make an attempt to better understand knee points and investigate the properties of bicriteria problems that may exhibit a knee on its Pareto-optimal front. Specifically, we review past studies and suggest a couple of new definitions of a knee point. One of the defin...

Solving problems in natural settings by decision-making and taking action by means of complex technical systems represents difficult tasks for human operators involved, especially in military situations. Obviously, problem-solving tasks in such situations may be supported by knowledgebased systems. For this purpose, knowledge about situations has to be acquired, described, formalized, represent...