This study examines the relationship between product differentiation and financial leverage. It argues that product differentiation is associated with investments in firm-specific assets that have lower liquidation value than general assets. Debt investors need to charge a higher interest rate to cover the risk of default, making the firm resort to equity financing and resulting in low financia...

this work, we investigate a Cournot-Bertrand duopoly model with product differentiation between two different firms, where one company uses price as decision variable and the other quantity. The stability of Nash equilibrium point is investigated, role parameters on studied. It shown that system experiences three types bifurcations when go through boundary curves region. Furthermore, model's bi...


 Product differentiation is learning based on multiple approaches to assignments given students. It gives students the freedom develop understanding and competencies they are interested in. The existence of different tools in Merdeka curriculum goal achieving developing competence. This study focuses describing concept accommodate differences student styles describes product innovations ‘...

Several authors have argued that because modern computing and communications technologies reduce buyer search costs and other market inefficiencies, there should be intense price competition between sellers in electronic markets. This paper examines this prediction using data on the airline ticket offerings of online travel agents (OTA). We find that different OTAs offer tickets with substantia...

In current business environment many OEM companies are employing mass customization strategy, which has implication on the entire operations of an enterprise and especially influences the character of assembly processes. Increased product differentiation in context of customized production causes significant changes in complexity of assembly systems. Our focus in this paper is the development o...

This paper gives a proof of existence of price equilibria under certain parameters for a model of product differentiation commonly used in the empirical geographic differentiation literature. This proof is needed because the assumptions of Caplin and Nalebuff (1991) are not generally satisfied once data is introduced to geographic models. The theorem also has implications for existence in mixed...

This research paper investigates a duopolistic market characterized by vertical product differentiation. The study considers both qualities and consumer preferences represented as one-dimensional intervals. focus is on analyzing the equilibrium in duopoly game with convex production costs. In this setting, each firm has option to present multi-product strategy consisting of quality–price pairs,...

We examine how product life cycle affects investment and financing by estimating an industry equilibrium model that embeds portfolio characteristics. In the model, firms trade off higher profitability of newer products versus introduction costs. Using product-level data, we find dimension is critical in quantitatively explaining cash flow dynamics, corporate policies, structure. show introducti...