Little is known about how the experience of being bilingual and speaking two languages leads to advantages in cognitive control and flexibility (e.g., Bialystok &Martin, 2004). This study investigated productive vocabulary and knowledge of translation equivalents (TEs) as possible mechanisms underlying the bilingual advantage in cognitive flexibility and control. Spanish-English bilingual two-y...

Vocabulary is one of the three essential components English language for mastering all skills. When number recognized words insufficient, listening and reading comprehension suffers. A study was done at Noble Private Technical Institute (NPTI) to assess influence animated videos on vocabulary learning in an effort improve students’ vocabulary. Forty students participated experiment designed tes...

The  present  study  investigated  the  effects  of  three  methods  of  vocabulary  presentation,  i.e., picture,  song,  and  the  keyword  method  on  Iranian  EFL  learners'  vocabulary  recognition  and production.  The  participants  were  102  Iranian  lower-intermediate  EFL  learners  in  Zaban  Sara English language institute in Kermanshah. To make sure that they had no previous knowl...

The present study investigated the developmental interrelationships between play, gesture use and spoken language development in children aged 18–31 months. The children completed two tasks: (i) a structured measure of pretend (or ‘symbolic’) play and (ii) a measure of vocabulary knowledge in which children have been shown to gesture. Additionally, their productive spoken language knowledge was...

In typical development, word learning goes from slow and laborious to fast and seemingly effortless. Typically developing 2-year-olds are so skilled at learning noun categories that they seem to intuit the whole range of things in the category from hearing a single instance named – they are biased learners. This is not the case for children below the 20th percentile on productive vocabulary (la...