Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is important in the development and homeostasis of metazoans. In the nematode C. elegans, four genes, egl-1, ced-9, ced-4, and ced-3, constitute the core pathway acting in all somatic programmed cell deaths. This pathway is evolutionarily conserved in humans. The BH3-only protein EGL-1 is transcriptionally upregulated in cells fated to undergo programmed cel...

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy by targeting the programmed death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis using antibodies has yielded promising clinical responses in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, owing to the dynamic expression of PD-L1, degree of mutational/neoantigen load, intratumoral heterogeneity, infiltrated immune cells of tumor microenvironment ...

In this issue of Blood, a new study by Kiyasu et al used a double-staining technique to identify cell-specific programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in 1253 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) samples and analyzed the findings together with programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression in tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and clinical outcomes, providing new insights into the role of th...

Gastric (including gastroesophageal junction) cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. In China, an estimated 420,000 patients were diagnosed with gastric cancer in 2011, ranking this malignancy the second most prevalent cancer type and resulting in near 300,000 deaths. The treatment landscape of gastric cancer has evolved in recent years. Although systemic chemot...

Background: Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a cell membrane protein found on the surface of cancer cells, immune system cells in tumor microenvironment, and various healthy tissues. Moreover, it plays key role suppressing system. Objectives: We aim to explain presence PD-L1 Head-Neck Squamosus Cell Carcinomas (HNSCC) premalign lesions by immunohistochemical method. Methods: Our retrospecti...