Cancer immunotherapy has gained a lot of interest over the past few years due to the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors in treating cancer (1, 2). Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as monoclonal antibodies against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1), have been shown to increase survival of patients with advanced cancers (1, 2). These in...

Objective: In this review, we aimed to discuss the efficacy of immunotherapy anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed ligand (PD-L1) potential immune mechanism combination with various standard systemic therapies for breast cancer (BC) such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, endocrine radiotherapy.

Spinal cord injury (SCI), a complex neurological disorder, triggers series of devastating neuropathological events such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, neuronal apoptosis, and motor dysfunction. However, the classical necrosome, which consists receptor-interacting protein (RIP)1, RIP3, mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein, is believed to control novel type programmed cel...

INTRODUCTION A major pathophysiologic mechanism in sepsis is impaired host immunity which results in failure to eradicate invading pathogens and increased susceptibility to secondary infections. Although many immunosuppressive mechanisms exist, increased expression of the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) are thought to play key roles. The newly recognize...

Summary Diagnosis and decision-making in the treatment of breast cancer patients is vastly dependent on exploration biomarkers. Estrogen receptor, progesterone human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 are long-standing biomarkers, which determine subtype. In current practice, gene expression analyses further define molecular subtype give additional information disease characteristics. Prognosti...