Patients with programmed death-ligand 1 positive (PD-L1+), locally advanced or metastatic, non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have a poor prognosis and treatment options are limited. Sitravatinib, selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, reduces the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells regulatory T cells, promotes expansion migration antitumor cytotoxic increases ratio M1/M2-pola...

Immunotherapies involving chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and checkpoint inhibitors, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antagonists, have shown promise in treating cancer. The combined benefits of these medicines are yet not fully understood. In this work, it was discovered that human CAR become hypo-functional due to the expression ligand (PD-L1) on tumor cells, which reduc...

Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting a programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1) have been major breakthrough in the treatment of many cancers . Nivolumab is an antibody that selectively blocks PD‑1 receptor on surface cytotoxic T- cells to prevent downregulation immune response can cause immune-related adverse events , including endocrine ones Type 1 diabetes mellitus one severe rare and potentia...

PD-1: Programmed death receptor

The hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs) of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are generated embryonically in both hermaphrodites and males but undergo programmed cell death in males. The gene egl-1 encodes a BH3-containing cell death activator that is required for programmed cell death in C. elegans. Gain-of-function (gf) mutations in egl-1 cause the inappropriate programmed cell death of th...

The steroid hormone ecdysone signals the stage-specific programmed cell death of the larval salivary glands during Drosophila metamorphosis. This response is preceded by an ecdysone-triggered switch in gene expression in which the diap2 death inhibitor is repressed and the reaper (rpr) and head involution defective (hid) death activators are induced. Here we show that rpr is induced directly by...

Compared to chemotherapy, promising results have been obtained by blocking the PD-1 pathway using antibodies that inhibit programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1). Furthermore, global researchers and doctors are exploring how to optimize this immunotherapy in 270 clinical studies. However, Chinese clinical trials of these agents remain in the earl...