The A2A adenosine receptor plays a critical role in the physiologic immunosuppressive pathway that protects normal tissues from excessive collateral damage by overactive immune cells and their proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we examine and clarify the mechanism of tissue protection by extracellular adenosine using A2AR-deficient mice and show that the A2AR inhibits TLR-induced transcr...

We thank Dr. Krishnadas for his interest in our manuscript “Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonism Normalizes Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Alcohol Dependence” and his questions about the mechanisms that transduce peripheral blockade of proinflammatory cytokine activity (e.g., admininstration of an antagonist of tumor necrosis factor) to alterations in brain function and behavior (e.g., sleep). Althoug...

Because it is generally believed that apoptosis is not associated with inflammation, we hypothesized that the interaction of phagocytes with apoptotic cells provides a negative or null signal for inflammation. However, we recently found that the interaction led to the production of proinflammatory cytokines but not antiinflammatory cytokines, although the apoptotic cell membranes appeared to be...

OBJECTIVE To determine the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the CSF of patients with virologically verified varicella zoster virus (VZV) vasculopathy. METHODS CSF from 30 patients with virologically verified VZV vasculopathy was analyzed for levels of proinflammatory cytokines and MMPs using the Meso Scale Discovery multiplex ELISA platform. Positive...

Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-6, and IL-1, play pathogenic roles in multiple diseases and are attractive targets for biologic drugs. Because proinflammatory cytokines possess non-redundant protective and immunoregulatory functions, their systemic neutralization carries the potential for unwanted side effects. Therefore, next-generation anti-cytokine therapies would seek to selectiv...

The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis involves multiple etiologies, including mechanical, biochemical, and genetic factors that contribute to the imbalance in the synthesis and destruction of articular cartilage. It is now well documented that interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are the predominant proinflammatory and catabolic cytokines involved in disease initiation and progression. Ot...

Low back pain is a frequent and recurrent condition, often with non-specific cause. Conventional treatment methods are generally insufficient in the of chronic low pain. The aim study was to estimate level IFN, IL-1, IL-6 (proinflammatory), IL-10, IL-4 (anti-inflammatory) VEGF proteins serum patients mechanical under Pulse radiofrequency (PRF) therapy. carried out on 40 20-60 years old, diagnos...

BACKGROUND Pain reduction can be achieved by lowering proinflammatory cytokine levels in the blood. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-invasive physiotherapeutic resource for pain management, but evidence on the effectiveness of this device at reducing proinflammatory cytokines in the blood is unclear. This study systematically reviews the literature on the effect of TE...

background and aims. streptococcus mutans is an important species in oral microflora and its components have been found to stimulate production of proinflammatory cytokines in dental caries. the aim of this study was to evaluate proin-flammatory cytokines (il-1α and il-6) in patients with s. mutans. materials and methods. seventy samples were selected during pulpectomy and investigated for the ...

OBJECTIVE Fatigue is a common problem among cancer patients and survivors, yet the mechanisms underlying the occurrence and persistence of this symptom are not known. Activation of the immune system may evoke feelings of fatigue, which are mediated by proinflammatory cytokines. We examined whether fatigued breast cancer survivors would show elevations in proinflammatory cytokines and markers of...