Low-grade chronic inflammation is commonly found in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who exhibit hyperandrogenism or hyperandrogenemia. Clinical studies have shown that hyperandrogenemia is closely correlated with low-grade chronic inflammation. However, the mechanism underlying this correlation remains unclear. Recent studies have suggested that adipocytes increase the production...

Background: The role of mesenchymal stem cell in cellular therapy is the subject of interest for many researchers. The differentiation potential of MSCs and abilities in modulations of the recipient’s immune system makes them important cells in tissue regenerative studies. MSCs by releasing the proinflammatory cytokines play important role in immunomodulatory systems; however the signaling path...

Eosinophils are involved in the initiation and propagation of diverse inflammatory responses, including antigen presentation and the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, lipid mediators and cytotoxic granules (1-4) (Fig. 1). Tissue damage and dysfunction resulting from secretion of these pleiotropic mediators is a common pathogenic component in several diseases, including atopic as...

Blood coagulation could be recognized as intrinsic inflammation. The coagulant mediators (FVIIa, FXa, thrombin (FIIa), FXIIa) and fibrin(ogen) activate cellular signaling, eliciting the production of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and other proinflammatory mediators. Hypercoagulability with elevated coagulant mediators would certainly trigger hyper-inflammatory state not to mention abou...

Pulmonary inflammation has a central role in the multifactorial and complex pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pre- and postnatal factors such as chorioamnionitis, oxygen toxicity, mechanical ventilation and postnatal infections can induce and perpetuate an injurious and complex inflammatory response in the airways and lung tissue of very immature infants. This inflammatory process is ...