No such detailed analysis is possible in the fifteenth century, since the evidence is not available before 1485. That is why 1485 is such an important date in the history books—not because it heralded any sudden change in social conditions or political thought, but because it marks the beginning in England of political propaganda. The Tudors allowed their motives, or what they wished to be thou...

In work culminating in Know How (2009), Jason Stanley argues, against Gilbert Ryle, that knowledge-how is a species of knowledge-that. In How Propaganda Works (2015), Stanley portrays this work as undermining a “flawed ideology” supporting elitist valuations of intellectual work and workers. However, the link between Stanley’s two philosophical projects is weak. Ryle’s distinction between knowl...

War-reporting often has to deal with contradictory information: there might especially be some good news about the enemy-side, its actions or intentions, and there might be some criticism about one's own side, its actions or intentions. Even war-reporting that can be characterized as war-propaganda cannot ignore this information, but has to ward it off by other means: by using two-sided message...

As is widely accepted by scholars, much of the Western philosophies have roots in ancient Greece. Among the most influential ancient Greek figures is the “Father of History,” Herodotus of Halicarnassus, who chronicled the history of the Persian Wars. Herodotus used the Histories as a medium for discussing the political trends of his time, specifically those in Athens. Herodotus shared his views...

We are used to considering engineering ethics largely a critical enterprise. By pointing out ethical issues and by raising concerns about a technology, ethicists usually criticise rather than promote the technology in question. Of course, from a utilitarianist perspective, an ethicist might come to the conclusion that a certain technology is better than another one or than doing without. Howeve...

It would be absurd to deny that many Austrians responded to some extent to the Nazis’ racial propaganda; however, when they saw how antisemitism was actually put into practice, they were cured. One could safely say that sympathy for the persecuted Jews eradicated antisemitism in Austria. I do not believe that this issue will ever again assume even the slightest importance (Leopold Figl, the fir...