Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have become known for both their therapeutic effect and good safety profile. An application was submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration for approval of a reformulated PPI product that failed bioequivalence testing, but was submitted on the basis of the long history of PPI use as a "surrogate" for equivalence. This review evaluates the safety data for PPIs,...

During the past two decades, enormous changes occurred in the management of gastric acid-related diseases. First, the histamine2-receptor antagonists were introduced, offering patients the first single-agent therapy that effectively reduced gastric acid secretion. Proton pump inhibitors became widely available in the early 1990s, and they generally appeared to be superior to the histamine2-rece...

An activator of the clathrin-coated vesicle proton translocating ATPase has been purified 1600-fold from bovine brain. The activator, which requires detergent (polyoxyethylene 9-lauryl ether) for release from clathrin-coated vesicles, is heat-stable, trypsin-sensitive, and has an apparent molecular mass of about 6 kDa as determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The activator stimul...

The drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel has been the subject of much study in recent years. Contradictory results regarding the effect of proton pump inhibitors on platelet reactivity and on clinical outcome in clopidogrel-treated patients have been reported in literature. Concomitant use of omeprazole and clopidogrel was found to decrease the exposure (AUC) to clopi...

BACKGROUND Proton-pump-inhibitors are often prescribed unnecessarily in hospitals, which in turn induces their prescriptions after discharge. OBJECTIVE To evaluate patients starting treatment with proton-pump-inhibitors during hospitalisation and proportion of inappropriate prescriptions. Patient risk factors and whether initiation in hospital induced their continuation in ambulatory care wer...

Mucosal protective agents may improve healing of patients with endoscopic submucosal dissection-induced ulcers. The present study systematically evaluated published clinical trials to determine whether combined therapeutic use of mucosal protective agents and proton pump inhibitors can improve the outcome of patients with endoscopic submucosal dissection-induced ulcers compared to treatment wit...

A proton pump-deleted mutant E. coli, AG100 A, had greater sensitivity to ampicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin than the wild-type parent E. coli AG100 containing the proton pump. This antibiotic sensitivity was further increased by resistance modifiers such as the Ca2+ channel blocker (+/-) verapamil (VP) and the calmodulin antagonist promethazine (PMZ). Whereas the newly-synthesized trifl...

There is currently a lack of evidence to suggest superior clinical efficacy of one oral proton pump inhibitor over any other. Proton pump inhibitors display similar doseresponse relationships with similar potencies and efficacies at the equivalent dose. The decision to select one proton pump inhibitor over another is likely to be based on the agents’ licensed indication, patient tolerability an...

Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain, reduces oxygen to water and uses the released energy to pump protons across a membrane. Here, we use kinetic master equations to explore the energetic and kinetic control of proton pumping in CcO. We construct models consistent with thermodynamic principles, the structure of CcO, experimentally known proton affinities, an...