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objective: today, aids is considered as a global problem and many efforts to generate an effective vaccine against this disease have been made, but remain inconclusive. dna vaccines are a member of the new generation of vaccines that can efficiently stimulate the immune system. however, recent findings indicate low immunogenicity for these vaccines and it is believed that these types of vaccine...

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a vital role in mediating abiotic stress responses in plants. De novo ABA biosynthesis involves cleavage of carotenoid precursors by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), which is rate controlling in leaves and roots; however, additional bottlenecks in roots must be overcome, such as biosynthesis of upstream carotenoid precursors. Phytoene synthase (PSY) mediates t...

The endosperm of Golden Rice (Oryza sativa) is yellow due to the accumulation of beta-carotene (provitamin A) and xanthophylls. The product of the two carotenoid biosynthesis transgenes used in Golden Rice, phytoene synthase (PSY) and the bacterial carotene desaturase (CRTI), is lycopene, which has a red color. The absence of lycopene in Golden Rice shows that the pathway proceeds beyond the tr...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is an inflammatory, multifocal, immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that women are at a higher risk to acquire than men. myxovirus resistance protein a (mxa) is used as a predictive marker of bioactivity of interferon-beta (ifn-β) therapy in ms patients. this study was undertaken in west of iran to investigate gender differences in the expression level ...

conclusions our findings showed that hcv infection could lead to increased expression level of tlr7 mrna in peripheral blood cells of hcv infected samples. the viral load and genotypes of hcv did not affect the mrna expression levels of tlr2 and tlr7. background hepatitis c virus (hcv) is an important human pathogen affecting an estimated 120 – 170 million individuals in the world. toll-like re...

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background: sporadic alzheimer’s disease (sad) is caused by genetic risk factors, aging and oxidative stresses. the herbal extract of rosa canina (r. canina), tanacetum vulgare (t. vulgare) and urtica dioica (u. dioica) has a beneficial role in aging, as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agent. in this study, the neuroprotective effects of this herbal extract in the rat model of sad was i...

background: cd19 is a pan b cell marker that is recognized as an attractive target for antibody-based therapy of b-cell disorders including autoimmune disease and hematological malignancies. the object of this study was to stably express the human cd19 antigen in the murine nih-3t3 cell line aimed to be used as an immunogen in our future study. methods: total rna was extracted from raji cells i...

conclusions the obtained results indicate that rsm is an effective method for the optimization of culture conditions for hes gene expression in e. coli. results a maximum rhes mrna level of 376.16% was obtained under the following conditions: 0.6 mm iptg, 7 hours post-induction time, and 0.9 cell density before induction. the level of rhes mrna was significantly correlated with post-induction t...